ERBB3

Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-3, also known as HER3 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 3), is a membrane bound protein that in humans is encoded by the ERBB3 gene.

ERBB3
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1M6B, 2L9U, 3KEX, 3LMG, 3P11, 4LEO, 4OTW, 4P59, 4RIW, 4RIX, 4RIY, 5CUS
Identifiers
Aliases	ERBB3, ErbB-3, HER3, LCCS2, MDA-BF-1, c-erbB-3, c-erbB3, erbB3-S, p180-ErbB3, p45-sErbB3, p85-sErbB3, erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 3, FERLK, VSCN1
External IDs	OMIM: 190151; MGI: 95411; HomoloGene: 20457; GeneCards: ERBB3; OMA:ERBB3 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 12 (human)[1] Band 12q13.2 Start 56,076,799 bp[1] End 56,103,505 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 10 (mouse)[2] Band 10 D3|10 77.1 cM Start 128,403,392 bp[2] End 128,425,521 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in trigeminal ganglion jejunal mucosa spinal ganglia inferior ganglion of vagus nerve corpus callosum mucosa of colon mucosa of ileum mucosa of sigmoid colon duodenum external globus pallidus Top expressed in left colon jejunum ileum intestinal villus transitional epithelium of urinary bladder lacrimal gland epidermis hair follicle conjunctival fornix sciatic nerve More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function transferase activity nucleotide binding protein kinase activity protein tyrosine kinase activator activity growth factor binding protein homodimerization activity kinase activity protein binding identical protein binding protein heterodimerization activity ATP binding transmembrane signaling receptor activity neuregulin binding phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase activity protein tyrosine kinase activity ubiquitin protein ligase binding receptor tyrosine kinase neuregulin receptor activity transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity Cellular component integral component of membrane lateral plasma membrane membrane plasma membrane integral component of plasma membrane extracellular region basolateral plasma membrane apical plasma membrane intracellular anatomical structure receptor complex extracellular space cytoplasm basal plasma membrane Biological process neuron apoptotic process negative regulation of cell adhesion phosphorylation endocardial cushion development positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity wound healing MAPK cascade positive regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade heart development protein phosphorylation negative regulation of secretion regulation of cell population proliferation extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling negative regulation of signal transduction signal transduction cranial nerve development negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process Schwann cell differentiation phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process regulation of cell motility peripheral nervous system development transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway ERBB2 signaling pathway peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation positive regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling cell differentiation negative regulation of apoptotic process positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade nervous system development positive regulation of cell population proliferation Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 2065 13867 Ensembl ENSG00000065361 ENSMUSG00000018166 UniProt P21860 Q61526 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001982 NM_001005915 NM_010153 RefSeq (protein) NP_001005915 NP_001973 NP_034283 Location (UCSC) Chr 12: 56.08 – 56.1 Mb Chr 10: 128.4 – 128.43 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

ErbB3 is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB) family of receptor tyrosine kinases. The kinase-impaired ErbB3 is known to form active heterodimers with other members of the ErbB family, most notably the ligand binding-impaired ErbB2.

Gene and expression

The human ERBB3 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 12 (12q13). It is encoded by 23,651 base pairs and translates into 1342 amino acids.^[5]

During human development, ERBB3 is expressed in skin, bone, muscle, nervous system, heart, lungs, and intestinal epithelium.^[6] ERBB3 is expressed in normal adult human gastrointestinal tract, reproductive system, skin, nervous system, urinary tract, and endocrine system.^[7]

Structure

ErbB3, like the other members of the ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase family, consists of an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain. The extracellular domain contains four subdomains (I-IV). Subdomains I and III are leucine-rich and are primarily involved in ligand binding. Subdomains II and IV are cysteine-rich and most likely contribute to protein conformation and stability through the formation of disulfide bonds. Subdomain II also contains the dimerization loop required for dimer formation.^[8] The cytoplasmic domain contains a juxtamembrane segment, a kinase domain, and a C-terminal domain.^[9]

Unliganded receptor adopts a conformation that inhibits dimerization. Binding of neuregulin to the ligand binding subdomains (I and III) induces a conformational change in ErbB3 that causes the protrusion of the dimerization loop in subdomain II, activating the protein for dimerization.^[9]

Function

ErbB3 has been shown to bind the ligands heregulin^[10] and NRG-2.^[11] Ligand binding causes a change in conformation that allows for dimerization, phosphorylation, and activation of signal transduction. ErbB3 can heterodimerize with any of the other three ErbB family members. The theoretical ErbB3 homodimer would be non-functional because the kinase-impaired protein requires transphosphorylation by its binding partner to be active.^[9]

Unlike the other ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase family members which are activated through autophosphorylation upon ligand binding, ErbB3 was found to be kinase impaired, having only 1/1000 the autophosphorylation activity of EGFR and no ability to phosphorylate other proteins.^[12] Therefore, ErbB3 must act as an allosteric activator.

Interaction with ErbB2

The ErbB2-ErbB3 dimer is considered the most active of the possible ErbB dimers, in part because ErbB2 is the preferred dimerization partner of all the ErbB family members, and ErbB3 is the preferred partner of ErbB2.^[13] This heterodimer conformation allows the signaling complex to activate multiple pathways including the MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and PLCγ.^[14] There is also evidence that the ErbB2-ErbB3 heterodimer can bind and be activated by EGF-like ligands.^[15][16]

Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway

The intracellular domain of ErbB3 contains 6 recognition sites for the SH2 domain of the p85 subunit of PI3K.^[17] ErbB3 binding causes the allosteric activation of p110α, the lipid kinase subunit of PI3K,^[14] a function not found in either EGFR or ErbB2.

Role in cancer

While no evidence has been found that ErbB3 overexpression, constitutive activation, or mutation alone is oncogenic,^[18] the protein as a heterodimerization partner, most critically with ErbB2, is implicated in growth, proliferation, chemotherapeutic resistance, and the promotion of invasion and metastasis.^[19][20]

ErbB3 is associated with targeted therapeutic resistance in numerous cancers including resistance to:

• HER2 inhibitors in HER2+ breast cancers^[21]
• anti-estrogen therapy in ER⁺ breast cancers^[22][23]
• EGFR inhibitors in lung and head and neck cancers^[24][25]
• hormones in prostate cancers^[26]
• IGF1R inhibitors in hepatomas^[27]
• BRAF inhibitors in melanoma^[28]

ErbB2 overexpression may promote the formation of active heterodimers with ErbB3 and other ErbB family members without the need for ligand binding, resulting in weak but constitutive signaling activity.^[14]

Role in normal development

ERBB3 is expressed in the mesenchyme of the endocardial cushion, which will later develop into the valves of the heart. ErbB3 null mouse embryos show severely underdeveloped atrioventricular valves, leading to death at embryonic day 13.5. Although this function of ErbB3 depends on neuregulin, it does not seem to require ErbB2, which is not expressed in the tissue.^[29]

ErbB3 also seems to be required for neural crest differentiation and the development of the sympathetic nervous system^[30] and neural crest derivatives such as Schwann cells.^[31]

See also

• Epidermal growth factor receptor family
• Epidermal growth factor receptor
• Receptor tyrosine-kinases

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000065361 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000018166 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. "ERBB3 Gene – GeneCards | ERBB3 Protein".
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14. Citri A, Skaria KB, Yarden Y (March 2003). "The deaf and the dumb: the biology of ErbB-2 and ErbB-3". Experimental Cell Research. 284 (1): 54–65. doi:10.1016/s0014-4827(02)00101-5. PMID 12648465.
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16. Alimandi M, Wang LM, Bottaro D, Lee CC, Kuo A, Frankel M, et al. (September 1997). "Epidermal growth factor and betacellulin mediate signal transduction through co-expressed ErbB2 and ErbB3 receptors". The EMBO Journal. 16 (18): 5608–5617. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.18.5608. PMC 1170193. PMID 9312020.
17. Prigent SA, Gullick WJ (June 1994). "Identification of c-erbB-3 binding sites for phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase and SHC using an EGF receptor/c-erbB-3 chimera". The EMBO Journal. 13 (12): 2831–2841. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06577.x. PMC 395164. PMID 8026468.
18. Zhang K, Sun J, Liu N, Wen D, Chang D, Thomason A, et al. (February 1996). "Transformation of NIH 3T3 cells by HER3 or HER4 receptors requires the presence of HER1 or HER2". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (7): 3884–3890. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.7.3884. PMID 8632008. S2CID 7190224.
19. Holbro T, Beerli RR, Maurer F, Koziczak M, Barbas CF, Hynes NE (July 2003). "The ErbB2/ErbB3 heterodimer functions as an oncogenic unit: ErbB2 requires ErbB3 to drive breast tumor cell proliferation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (15): 8933–8938. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.8933H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1537685100. PMC 166416. PMID 12853564.
20. Wang S, Huang X, Lee CK, Liu B (July 2010). "Elevated expression of erbB3 confers paclitaxel resistance in erbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells via upregulation of Survivin". Oncogene. 29 (29): 4225–4236. doi:10.1038/onc.2010.180. PMID 20498641. S2CID 22169790.
21. Sergina NV, Rausch M, Wang D, Blair J, Hann B, Shokat KM, et al. (January 2007). "Escape from HER-family tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy by the kinase-inactive HER3". Nature. 445 (7126): 437–441. Bibcode:2007Natur.445..437S. doi:10.1038/nature05474. PMC 3025857. PMID 17206155.
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23. Miller TW, Pérez-Torres M, Narasanna A, Guix M, Stål O, Pérez-Tenorio G, et al. (May 2009). "Loss of Phosphatase and Tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 engages ErbB3 and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling to promote antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer". Cancer Research. 69 (10): 4192–4201. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0042. PMC 2724871. PMID 19435893.
24. Engelman JA, Zejnullahu K, Mitsudomi T, Song Y, Hyland C, Park JO, et al. (May 2007). "MET amplification leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling". Science. 316 (5827): 1039–1043. Bibcode:2007Sci...316.1039E. doi:10.1126/science.1141478. PMID 17463250. S2CID 23254145.
25. Erjala K, Sundvall M, Junttila TT, Zhang N, Savisalo M, Mali P, et al. (July 2006). "Signaling via ErbB2 and ErbB3 associates with resistance and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification with sensitivity to EGFR inhibitor gefitinib in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells". Clinical Cancer Research. 12 (13): 4103–4111. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2404. PMID 16818711. S2CID 5571305.
26. Zhang Y, Linn D, Liu Z, Melamed J, Tavora F, Young CY, et al. (October 2008). "EBP1, an ErbB3-binding protein, is decreased in prostate cancer and implicated in hormone resistance". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 7 (10): 3176–3186. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0526. PMC 2629587. PMID 18852121.
27. Desbois-Mouthon C, Baron A, Blivet-Van Eggelpoël MJ, Fartoux L, Venot C, Bladt F, et al. (September 2009). "Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibition induces a resistance mechanism via the epidermal growth factor receptor/HER3/AKT signaling pathway: rational basis for cotargeting insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma". Clinical Cancer Research. 15 (17): 5445–5456. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2980. PMID 19706799. S2CID 207699374.
28. Kugel CH, Hartsough EJ, Davies MA, Setiady YY, Aplin AE (August 2014). "Function-blocking ERBB3 antibody inhibits the adaptive response to RAF inhibitor". Cancer Research. 74 (15): 4122–4132. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-0464. PMC 4120074. PMID 25035390.
29. Riethmacher D, Sonnenberg-Riethmacher E, Brinkmann V, Yamaai T, Lewin GR, Birchmeier C (October 1997). "Severe neuropathies in mice with targeted mutations in the ErbB3 receptor". Nature. 389 (6652): 725–730. Bibcode:1997Natur.389..725R. doi:10.1038/39593. PMID 9338783. S2CID 28741273.
30. Britsch S, Li L, Kirchhoff S, Theuring F, Brinkmann V, Birchmeier C, et al. (June 1998). "The ErbB2 and ErbB3 receptors and their ligand, neuregulin-1, are essential for development of the sympathetic nervous system". Genes & Development. 12 (12): 1825–1836. doi:10.1101/gad.12.12.1825. PMC 316903. PMID 9637684.
31. Davies AM (January 1998). "Neuronal survival: early dependence on Schwann cells". Current Biology. 8 (1): R15–R18. Bibcode:1998CBio....8..R15D. doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(98)70009-0. PMID 9427620. S2CID 2745201.

Further reading

• Corfas G, Roy K, Buxbaum JD (June 2004). "Neuregulin 1-erbB signaling and the molecular/cellular basis of schizophrenia". Nature Neuroscience. 7 (6): 575–580. doi:10.1038/nn1258. PMID 15162166. S2CID 10692780.
• Plowman GD, Whitney GS, Neubauer MG, Green JM, McDonald VL, Todaro GJ, et al. (July 1990). "Molecular cloning and expression of an additional epidermal growth factor receptor-related gene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (13): 4905–4909. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4905P. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.13.4905. PMC 54229. PMID 2164210.
• Kraus MH, Issing W, Miki T, Popescu NC, Aaronson SA (December 1989). "Isolation and characterization of ERBB3, a third member of the ERBB/epidermal growth factor receptor family: evidence for overexpression in a subset of human mammary tumors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 86 (23): 9193–9197. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86.9193K. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.23.9193. PMC 298460. PMID 2687875.
• Alimandi M, Romano A, Curia MC, Muraro R, Fedi P, Aaronson SA, et al. (May 1995). "Cooperative signaling of ErbB3 and ErbB2 in neoplastic transformation and human mammary carcinomas". Oncogene. 10 (9): 1813–1821. PMID 7538656.
• Wallasch C, Weiss FU, Niederfellner G, Jallal B, Issing W, Ullrich A (September 1995). "Heregulin-dependent regulation of HER2/neu oncogenic signaling by heterodimerization with HER3". The EMBO Journal. 14 (17): 4267–4275. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00101.x. PMC 394510. PMID 7556068.
• Horan T, Wen J, Arakawa T, Liu N, Brankow D, Hu S, et al. (October 1995). "Binding of Neu differentiation factor with the extracellular domain of Her2 and Her3". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (41): 24604–24608. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.41.24604. PMID 7592681. S2CID 23576318.
• Shintani S, Funayama T, Yoshihama Y, Alcalde RE, Matsumura T (August 1995). "Prognostic significance of ERBB3 overexpression in oral squamous cell carcinoma". Cancer Letters. 95 (1–2): 79–83. doi:10.1016/0304-3835(95)03866-U. PMID 7656248.
• Katoh M, Yazaki Y, Sugimura T, Terada M (May 1993). "c-erbB3 gene encodes secreted as well as transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 192 (3): 1189–1197. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.1542. PMID 7685162.
• Culouscou JM, Plowman GD, Carlton GW, Green JM, Shoyab M (September 1993). "Characterization of a breast cancer cell differentiation factor that specifically activates the HER4/p180erbB4 receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268 (25): 18407–18410. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)46636-1. PMID 7689552.
• Zelada-Hedman M, Werer G, Collins P, Bäckdahl M, Perez I, Franco S, et al. (1995). "High expression of the EGFR in fibroadenomas compared to breast carcinomas". Anticancer Research. 14 (5A): 1679–1688. PMID 7847801.
• Shintani S, Funayama T, Yoshihama Y, Alcalde RE, Ootsuki K, Terakado N, et al. (1996). "Expression of c-erbB family gene products in adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary glands: an immunohistochemical study". Anticancer Research. 15 (6B): 2623–2626. PMID 8669836.
• Chang H, Riese DJ, Gilbert W, Stern DF, McMahan UJ (May 1997). "Ligands for ErbB-family receptors encoded by a neuregulin-like gene". Nature. 387 (6632): 509–512. Bibcode:1997Natur.387R.509C. doi:10.1038/387509a0. PMID 9168114. S2CID 4359654.
• Fiddes RJ, Campbell DH, Janes PW, Sivertsen SP, Sasaki H, Wallasch C, et al. (March 1998). "Analysis of Grb7 recruitment by heregulin-activated erbB receptors reveals a novel target selectivity for erbB3". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (13): 7717–7724. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.13.7717. PMID 9516479. S2CID 22017882.
• Jones JT, Ballinger MD, Pisacane PI, Lofgren JA, Fitzpatrick VD, Fairbrother WJ, et al. (May 1998). "Binding interaction of the heregulinbeta egf domain with ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors assessed by alanine scanning mutagenesis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (19): 11667–11674. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.19.11667. PMID 9565587. S2CID 42404398.
• Lee H, Maihle NJ (June 1998). "Isolation and characterization of four alternate c-erbB3 transcripts expressed in ovarian carcinoma-derived cell lines and normal human tissues". Oncogene. 16 (25): 3243–3252. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201866. PMID 9681822. S2CID 9785761.
• Vijapurkar U, Cheng K, Koland JG (August 1998). "Mutation of a Shc binding site tyrosine residue in ErbB3/HER3 blocks heregulin-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (33): 20996–21002. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.33.20996. PMID 9694850. S2CID 9469356.
• Yoo JY, Hamburger AW (March 1999). "Interaction of the p23/p198 protein with ErbB-3". Gene. 229 (1–2): 215–221. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(98)00604-0. PMID 10095121.
• Lin J, Adam RM, Santiestevan E, Freeman MR (June 1999). "The phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase pathway is a dominant growth factor-activated cell survival pathway in LNCaP human prostate carcinoma cells". Cancer Research. 59 (12): 2891–2897. PMID 10383151.