Gerlachovský štít
Highest mountain in Slovakia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gerlachovský štít (, translated into English as Gerlachov Peak, German: Gerlsdorfer Spitze, Hungarian: Gerlachfalvi-csúcs), informally referred to as Gerlach, is the highest peak in the High Tatras, in Slovakia, and in the Carpathian Mountains. Its elevation is usually listed at 2654.4 m above mean sea level. The mountain features a vertical rise of approximately 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above the valley floor.[4]
| Gerlachovský štít | |
|---|---|
 Gerlachovský štít as seen from Granátová lávka | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,654.4 m (8,709 ft)  |
| Prominence | 2,355 m (7,726 ft)[1][2] |
| Isolation | 510 km (320 mi) to Hochwildstelle |
| Listing | Ultra Country high point |
| Coordinates | 49°09′50.5″N 20°08′02.5″E[3] |
| Naming | |
| English translation | Peak (of the village) of Gerlachov |
| Language of name | Slovak |
| Geography | |
  Gerlachovský štít Location in Prešov Region, Slovakia  Gerlachovský štít Location in Slovakia | |
| Location | Tatra National Park, Prešov, Slovakia |
| Parent range | High Tatras |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | granite |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | 1834 by Ján Still |
| Easiest route | Scramble |
Mistaken for an average mountain in the rugged High Tatras range in the more distant past, it has since played a symbolic role in the eyes of the rulers and populations of several Central European nations, to the point that between the 19th and mid-20th century, it had four different names with six name reversals. Due to geopolitical changes, it was successively the highest mountain of the Kingdom of Hungary, and of Czechoslovakia, Slovakia and then Czechoslovakia again within the span of less than three decades of the 20th century.
Gerlachovský štít shares its geology and ecology with the rest of the High Tatras. With the travel restrictions imposed by the Eastern Bloc, the mountain was particularly treasured by Czechs, East Germans, Hungarians, Poles, and Slovaks as a high mountain available for them to climb. Although local authorities have since restricted access to the peak, it continues to attract its share of visitors.
Present
Gerlachovský štít means the "Peak (of the village) of Gerlachov". The Slovak colloquial (unofficial) name is Gerlach. The Polish official names are Gerlach or Gierlach, while its Polish colloquial names are Girlach and Garłuch.[5][6][7] The name of the village of Gerlachov itself is of German origin, because the Spiš region around the High Tatra Mountains in Slovakia used to be inhabited by German settlers for several centuries.
Past
The peak's earliest recorded name was the Szepes-German[8] Kösselberg (Cauldron Mountain) on a map from 1762.[9] The Slovak name of the mountain was first recorded as Kotol, also meaning "Cauldron", in 1821.[10] Both names referred to the peak's characteristic cauldron-like cirque.
Its current name became widely used in the 19th century, and links the mountain to the village of Gerlachov (Carpathian German: Gerlsdorf)) at its foot.[11] The name Gerlsdorfer Spitze (Gerlachov Peak) was used by the first person to identify the mountain as the highest peak in the Tatras in 1838;[12] this was rendered as gerlachovský chochol (Gerlach crest) in a Slovak version of his report in 1851.[13] Several other mountains in the High Tatras have acquired their names from villages in the foothills.
Once it was determined that the mountain was the highest point in the region, the succession of the authorities that held control over it took an interest in its name and changed it periodically for symbolic reasons. In 1896, as part of Austria-Hungary, it was named after state Emperor Francis Joseph I.[14] After the dissolution of the monarchy in 1918, the mountain continued to be known simply as Gerlachovský štít because it belonged to the village of Gerlachov. The Polish government, claiming the territory of the High Tatras for Poland, simultaneously called the mountain Szczyt Polski (Polish Peak), but never gained control over it.[14] The new Czechoslovak government changed the name to Štít legionárov (Legionnaires Peak) in honor of the Czechoslovak Legions in 1923, but the name was dropped in favor of the earlier Gerlachovský štít in 1932.[15] As a result of the Communist coup d'état in 1948, the mountain was renamed once more − to Stalinov štít (Stalin Peak) in 1949.[7] Its traditional name Gerlachovský štít was restored yet again a decade later and has remained unchanged through the present.
Gerlachovský štít was not always considered the highest mountain in the Tatras. After the first official measurement of peaks in the Tatras during the period of the Habsburg monarchy in the 18th century, Kriváň (2,494 m) was considered the highest. Other candidate peaks for the status of the highest mountain at that time were Lomnický štít (2,633 m) and Ľadový štít (2,627 m). The first person to accurately name Gerlachovský štít as the highest peak was the forester Ľudovít (Ludwig) Greiner in 1838.[12][16][17] Greiner's measurement was formally confirmed by an Austrian Army survey party in 1868. However, it was generally accepted only after the Vienna Military Institute for Geography issued a new, authoritative collection of maps of Central Europe in c. 1875.[18][19]
The first confirmed ascent was made by Ján (Johann) Still from the village of Nová Lesná in 1834.[20] In 1880, the routes through the Velická próba (Velická Challenge) and Batizovská próba (Batizovská Challenge) were secured by chains.
Only members of a national Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) club are allowed to climb the peak on their own. Other visitors have to take a certified mountain guide. The two easiest routes, usually up the Velická próba and down the Batizovská próba named after their respective valleys, are protected by chains. Because of an exposed section along the Velická próba and tricky orientation especially on the ridge, both are among the more difficult scrambling routes in the High Tatras.[21] With no snow, guidebooks grade the routes as a II or III climb (UIAA scale)[4] or lower.[22] The route named Martinkova begins at Poľský hrebeň and leads to the summit along the ridge. The Martinkova route has two main variants; a short version starts at Litvorové sedlo and is considered easier, because it skips a section from Velický štít which requires abseiling.
The total elevation gain is about 1,000 m (3,300 ft) for those who spend the night at the Sliezsky Dom Hotel[23] or are driven there by a mountain guide, and about 1,665 m (5,463 ft) for those who hike from Tatranská Polianka. In winter, Gerlachovský štít offers a challenging alpine climb, with mixed climbing and a risk of avalanches.[4]
Two multi-pitch routes for technical climbing are on the eastern and south-western walls.[21] Both are exceptionally long and situated on solid granite walls.[4]
The route to Gerlachovský štít falls under the Tatra National Park ordinance, according to which hikers who depart from marked trails may be subject to fines unless they are UIAA members, or are led by a certified mountain guide. Camping is subject to similar restrictions. Rangers and some mountain guides are authorized to collect fines on the spot. Cairns that hikers build to mark the trail are periodically taken apart.[citation needed]
Weather
The effects of high-altitude weather on those who ascend Gerlachovský štít may be more pronounced than its altitude alone. The temperature gradient between the Tatra mountain resorts (900–1,350 m or 2,950–4,430 ft) and the summit can be steep.[24] Low air temperature higher up can be masked by high insolation under clear skies, but will take its effect with increased cloud cover.[25] Combined with windy conditions, the impact may be considerably detrimental even without rain or snow. The summit disappears in the clouds for periods of time on most days,[26] which translates to fog at that elevation and a risk of disorientation.[27]
While temperatures are somewhat lower on Gerlachovský štít because of its elevation, the weather and its potential impact on visitors is little different from other summits in the High Tatras both with and without marked trails. The typical daily weather pattern in the summer is a clear morning, clouds gathering by around noon, and occasional showers and storms in the afternoon. The chance of rain is lowest between 9–10 am and peaks between 2–3 pm, with a drop-off after 6 pm. The frequency of storms with lightning (as opposed to rainstorms) on Gerlach's summit and on the other highest ridges is little different from lower elevations.[28]
Climate
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air temperature 2–3 pm, Celsius |
-11 | -11 | -8 | -5 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 2 | -1 | -6 | -9 |
| Air temperature 2–3 pm, Fahrenheit |
12 | 12 | 17 | 23 | 32 | 37 | 41 | 41 | 36 | 10 | 21 | 16 |
| Precipitation in millimeters |
120 | 120 | 100 | 130 | 120 | 190 | 190 | 140 | 90 | 90 | 130 | 150 |
| Days with storms and lightning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Days with summit 10+ min. in clouds (low visibility) |
21 | 20 | 22 | 23 | 26 | 25 | 26 | 24 | 21 | 19 | 21 | 21 |
| Days with rime ice | 19 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 13 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 10 | 11 | 17 | 19 |
| Days with snowfall[30] | 19 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 16 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 11 | 17 | 19 |
| Days with snow cover >1 cm (0.4 in) |
31 | 28 | 31 | 30 | 24 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 15 | 28 | 31 |
| Days with visibility >20 km (12.4 mi) at 2–3 pm |
15 | 12 | 12 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 17 | 15 | 15 |
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