Collection of short prophecies dated to the late 1st century BCE or early first century CE From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gabriel's Revelation, also called Hazon Gabriel (the Vision of Gabriel)[1] or the Jeselsohn Stone,[2] is a stone tablet with 87 lines of Hebrew text written in ink, containing a collection of short prophecies written in the first person. It is dated to the late 1st century BCE or early 1st century CE and is important for understanding Jewish messianic expectations in the Second Temple period.
Gabriel's Revelation is a gray[3]micriticlimestone[4] tablet with 87 lines of Hebrew text[3] written in ink.[5] It measures 37 centimeters[3][6] (width) by 93[3] or 96[6] centimeters (height). While the front of the stone is polished, the back is rough, suggesting it was mounted in a wall.[7]
The writing is a collection of short prophecies written in the first person by someone identifying as Gabriel to someone else in the second person singular.[8]
The writing has been dated to the 1st century BCE or the early 1st century CE by its script and language.[9][10][11][12] David Hamidovic's analysis instead suggests a date after 50CE.[13][14] A physical analysis of the stone found no evidence of modern treatment of the surface, and found the attached soil most consistent with the area east of the Lisan Peninsula of the Dead Sea.[15]
The text as a whole is unknown from other sources;[6] it is fragmentary, so the meaning is quite uncertain.[16][17][18] It is considered very similar to the Dead Sea scrolls.[10] The artifact is relatively rare in its use of ink on stone.[5][10][19]
Scholars have characterized the genre of Gabriel's Revelation as prophetic,[7] although biblical Hebrew scholar[20][21][22] Ian Young expresses surprise that it does not use Hebrew language characteristic of biblical prophetic texts.[23] Other scholars describe its genre as a revelatory dialogue similar to 4 Ezra or 2 Baruch[24] or even as an apocalypse.[25][18]
The unprovenanced tablet was reportedly found by a Bedouin man in Jordan on the eastern banks of the Dead Sea around the year 2000.[26] It was owned by Ghassan Rihani, a Jordanian antiquities dealer working in Jordan and London, who sold it to David Jeselsohn, a Swiss–Israeli collector.[26][27][28] At the time of his purchase, Jeselsohn says that he was unaware of its significance.[27][28] Lenny Wolfe, an antiquities dealer in Jerusalem, reports having seen it prior to Rihani obtaining possession of it.[26] Expert Hebrew paleographer and epigrapher[29][30][31] Ada Yardeni reports that she first saw photographs of the tablet in 2003.[6]
The first scholarly description of the find and the editio princeps of the text[5][11][32] was published in April 2007 in an article written by Yardeni in consultation with Binyamin Elizur.[6][lower-alpha 1] Yardeni gave the writing the name "Hazon Gabriel".[33]
As of 2011[update], the stone was located in Zurich.[7] In 2013, the stone was loaned to the Israel Museum to be displayed in an exhibit there.[26]
The stone has received wide attention in the media[34][35] starting in July 2008, primarily due to Israel Knohl's interpretations.[36]
Most scholars have tentatively accepted it to be authentic,[37][19] although Årstein Justnes, a biblical studies professor,[38][39] has published a refutation of its authenticity.[40][41] Doubts have further been expressed by Kenneth Atkinson[42] and Jonathan Klawans.[43]
"By three days, the sign. I Gabriel..." (Knohl 2011, p.59)
The finding has caused controversy among scholars.[44]Israel Knohl, an expert in Talmudic and biblical language at Jerusalem's Hebrew University, translated line 80 of the inscription as "In three days, live, I Gabriel com[mand] yo[u]".[45][46] He interpreted this as a command from the angel Gabriel to rise from the dead within three days, and understood the recipient of this command to be Simon of Peraea, a Jewish rebel who was killed by the Romans in 4BCE.[28][46] Knohl asserted that the finding "calls for a complete reassessment of all previous scholarship on the subject of messianism, Jewish and Christian alike".[46] In 2008, Ada Yardeni was reported to have agreed with Knohl's reading.[47]Ben Witherington noted that the word Knohl translated as "rise" could alternately mean "show up".[28]
Other scholars, however, reconstructed the faint writing on the stone as a different word entirely, rejecting Knohl's reading.[48][49] Instead, Ronald Hendel's (2009) reading of "In three days, the sign..." has gained widespread support.[50] In 2011, Knohl accepted that "sign" is a more probable reading than "live", although he maintains that "live" is a possible reading.[51][52][53] However, the meaning of the phrase in the currently accepted reading is still unclear.[50]
Knohl still maintains the historical background of the inscription to be as mentioned above. He now views Simon's death, according to the inscription, as "an essential part of the redemptive process. The blood of the slain messiah paves the way for the final salvation".[54]
Elgvin, Torleif (2014). "Eschatology and Messianism in the Gabriel Inscription"(PDF). Journal of the Jesus Movement in Its Jewish Setting from the First to the Seventh Century. 1: 5–25. Retrieved 29 September 2017. This paper reworks and combines Elgvin's prior work on the Gabriel Revelation.
Hamidovic, David (2012). "An Eschatological Drama in Hazon Gabriel: Fantasy or Historical Background?". Semitica. 54: 233–250. ISSN0373-630X. oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_11BDA2887951.
Justnes, Årstein (16 January 2015). "Hazon Gabriel: A Modern Forgery?". Material Philology in the Dead Sea Scrolls: New Approaches for New Text Editions: Proceedings of the International Conference at the University of Copenhagen, 3–5 April, 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2017.[permanent dead link]. Also published as Justnes, Årstein (16 January 2015). Hazon Gabriel: A Modern Forgery? (Speech). Holy Scriptures Forum. Norway: University of Agder. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
Justnes, Årstein; Rasmussen, Josephine Munch (2020). "Hazon Gabriel: A Display of Negligence". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 384: 69–76. doi:10.1086/709464. S2CID225553689.
Knohl, Israel (2008a). ""By Three Days, Live": Messiahs, Resurrection, and Ascent to Heaven in Hazon Gabriel". The Journal of Religion. 88 (2). University of Chicago Press: 147–158. doi:10.1086/525562. ISSN0022-4189. S2CID170794593.
Knohl, Israel (2008b). "The Gabriel Revelation and the Birth of Christianity". In Schiffman, Lawrence H.; Roitman, Adolfo D.; Tzoref, Shani (eds.). The Dead Sea Scrolls and Contemporary Culture: Proceedings of the International Conference held at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem (July 6-8, 2008). Brill. pp.435–476. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004185937.i-770. ISBN978-90-04-18593-7. abstract
Qimron, Elisha; Yuditsky, Alexey (Eliyahu) (2009). "Notes on the So-called 'Vision of Gabriel' Inscription". Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv (in Hebrew). 123: 133–144. JSTOR23408340.. An abbreviated version[1] was published as Qimron, Elisha; Yuditsky, Alexey (Eliyahu) (2011). "Notes on the So-Called Gabriel Vision Inscription". In Henze, Matthias (ed.). Hazon Gabriel: New readings of the Gabriel Revelation. Early Judaism and its literature. Brill. pp.31–38. ISBN978-1-58983-541-2.
Yardeni, Ada; Elizur, Binyamin (2007). "A First-Century BCE Prophetic Text Written on a Stone: First Publication". Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv (in Hebrew). 123: 155–166. JSTOR23407585., translated with minor additions[1] in Yardeni, Ada; Elizur, Binyamin (2011). "A Hebrew Prophetic Text on Stone from the Early Herodian Period: A Preliminary Report". In Henze, Matthias (ed.). Hazon Gabriel: New readings of the Gabriel Revelation. Early Judaism and its literature. Brill. pp.11–29. ISBN978-1-58983-541-2.
Beskow, Per (26 August 2010). "Modern Mystifications of Jesus". In Burkett, Delbert (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Jesus. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp.458–473. doi:10.1002/9781444327946.ch28. ISBN978-1-4443-2794-6.
Hamidovic, David (2009). "La vision de Gabriel". Revue d'Histoire et de Philosophie Religieuses (in French). 89 (2): 147–168. doi:10.3406/rhpr.2009.1389. ISSN0035-2403. oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_46BAAA309892.
Hazen, Craig (2009). "Gabriel's Revelation". Christian Research Journal. 32 (2). Retrieved 29 September 2017. PDF
