Amapá Question

The Amapá Question, known in France as the Franco-Brazilian Dispute (French: Contesté franco-brésilien) was a 1895 border dispute involving France and Brazil. The French intrusion into Amapá resulted in skirmishes between the two sides.^[2][3]

French intrusion into Amapá
Death of Captain Charles-Louis Lunier during the invasion of Amapá, illustration published in 1912
Date 15 May 1895 Location Amapá, Brazil Result Brazilian victory
Belligerents
Brazil	France
Commanders and leaders
Francisco Xavier da Veiga Cabral	Charles-Louis Lunier † Lieutenant Destoup
Strength
200 soldiers and civil militia	300 soldiers 1 gunboat[1]: 204
Casualties and losses
62	82

Border dispute

France did not recognize the Oyapock river as the border between French Guiana and the Brazilian province of Amapá, also known as "Brazilian Guyana", claiming for itself part of the territory of the province to the south of the river; a region occupied by French colonists. However, the Peace of Utrecht, signed in 1713 between France and Portugal, established the Oyapock as the border between both kingdoms in South America. Brazil alleged it had the right to exercise sovereignty over the region as "heir of the Portuguese Empire".

Intrusion

The French intrusion into Amapá took place on 15 May 1895, on the border between the Brazilian Amapá state and French Guiana, the culminating event of the territorial dispute known in Portuguese as the Questão do Amapá (Amapá Question). This event marked Captain Charles-Louis Lunier leading French troops in a invasion of Brazilian territory.^[4][5][6] French troops advanced to the Araguari River, occupying approximately 260,000 km² (100,000 sq mi) of Brazilian territory.

The invasion was repelled by the honorary general of the Brazilian Army Francisco Xavier da Veiga Cabral.^[7]

International response

After the military confrontation, the territorial dispute was settled by an international court on 27 December 1897. The decision was favorable to Brazil, which maintained control over the disputed region.^[1]: 204

Walter Hauser, president of Switzerland, served as arbitrator. On 1 December 1900, Hauser issued a report favoring Brazil.^[8]

See also

• Brazil–France relations
• Brazil–France border
• French colonization of the Americas

References

1. Donato, Hernâni (1987). Dicionário das Batalhas Brasileiras (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Editora Ibrasa
2. Rodrigues, Edgar. "O Contestado Franco-Brasileiro" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
3. Campos, Luciano Rodrigues (21 April 2007). "O Arbitramento No Amapá". Archived from the original on 22 June 2008.
4. Bertout de Solières, François (1912). Les hauts faits de l'armée coloniale : ses héros : Annam, Côte d'Ivoire, Chine, Dahomey, Guyane, Madagascar, Maroc, Ouadaï, Sahara, Sénegal, Soudan, Tchad, Tonkin, Tunisie, etc (in French). Rouen, France.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
5. ""LE TERRITOIRE CONTESTÉ"" (PDF). l'Étoile du sud. 22 June 1895.
6. Meira, Sílvio Augusto de Bastos (1975). Fronteiras Sangrentas: heróis do Amapá. Belém, Brazil: Conselho Estadual de Cultura.
7. Bento, Cláudio Moreira. (2003). Amazônia Brasileira: conquista, consolidação e manutenção. (História Militar Terrestre da Amazônia de 1616 a 2003). [S.l.]: Porto Alegre/RS: Genesis, Academia de História Militar Terrestre do Brasil.
8. "O Laudo Suíço". Governo do Estado do Amapá (in Portuguese). 2011-09-17. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2022.