University of Paris Faculty of Law

This article is about the historical Faculty of Law (and Economics) of Paris (12th century – 1970). Not to be confused with the University of Law, Economics and Social Sciences of Paris (1971–...), its direct inheritor which took the name "Panthéon-Assas University" in 1990.

The Faculty of Law of Paris (French: Faculté de droit de Paris), called from the late 1950s to 1970 the Faculty of Law and Economics of Paris, is the second-oldest faculty of law in the world and one of the four and eventually five^[1] faculties of the University of Paris ("the Sorbonne"), from the 12th century until 1970.

Faculty of Law of Paris

Faculté de droit de Paris
Other name	c. 1100 – 1229: École de droit de Paris 1229–1679: Consultissima decretorum facultas (Faculty of Canon Law) 1679–1793: Faculté de droit civil et canonique 1802–1896: École de droit de Paris 1896–1950s: Faculté de droit de Paris 1950s–1970: Faculté de droit et d'économie de Paris
Active	12th century–1970 (1970)

The structure designed by Jacques-Germain Soufflot for the Paris Law Faculty, on place du Panthéon

During the Middle Ages, it was one of the two most important faculties of law in the world, along with the faculty of law of the University of Bologna (the oldest in the world).^[2][3][4] Pierre Abélard, founder of modern law, was its precursor, as a teacher at the cathedral school of Notre-Dame de Paris, Andrea Alciato, founder of legal humanism, was a professor there, and Saint Ivo, patron of lawyers and "Advocate of the Poor" according to the Catholic Church, had studied there. The prohibition by the Pope of teaching of Roman Law limited, however, its growth, to the benefit of the nearby University of Orléans, where numerous important French people studied law. In 1679, King Louis authorized the teaching of Roman Law. Numerous French intellectuals and revolutionary, like Voltaire, Diderot and d'Alembert, Robespierre, etc. studied there. Between the French Revolution and its dissolution in 1970, numerous important people in France and in the world taught or studied there, including Victor Hugo, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Tocqueville, and Honoré de Balzac. The faculty of law is also mentioned in classical French literature, in particular in Les Misérables.

At the dissolution of the Sorbonne in 1970, its two main buildings were place du Panthéon and rue d'Assas.^[5] Most of its law professors (88 out of 108) decided to perpetuate the faculty of law and economics by creating and joining a university of law offering the same programs within the same two buildings; therefore, they created the "University of Law, Economics and Social Sciences of Paris", now called Panthéon-Assas University.^[6][7][8] Likewise, most of the economics professors (35 out of 41) preferred to found the multidisciplinary Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University with professors of the faculty of humanities of Paris and a few professors of law.^[8]

History

Pierre Abelard, theologian and logician before the existence of the faculty of law, who gave to the Sorbonne a recognition for its expertise in law in the early 20th century

c. 1100 – 1223: Law School of Paris

Pierre Abélard, teacher at the great cathedral school of Notre-Dame de Paris (that would eventually become the Sorbonne), writing with the influence of his wife Héloïse, stressed that subjective intention determines the moral value of human action and therefore that the legal consequence of an action is related to the person that commits it and not merely to the action. With this doctrine, Abelard created in the Middle Ages the idea of the individual subject central to modern law. This gave to School of Notre-Dame de Paris (later the University of Paris) a recognition of its expertise in the area of Law, even before the faculty of Law existed and the school even recognized as an "universitas" and even if Abelard was primarily a logician and a theologian. The law grew afterwards to be a discipline in its own rights (rather than only a subject within theology and philosophy), and a faculty of law was founded.

Saint Ivo, alumnus, declared saint by the Church in 1347, patron of the lawyers, "Advocate of the Poor". His day is still celebrated by the lawyers, at least in France. In this painting, he is bringing justice between a rich and a poor person

1223–1679: Faculty of Canon Law

The Pope forbade Roman law in Paris in 1223 with the decretal Super Specula. Afterwards, the Paris Law Faculty was called "Faculté de décret" or "Consultissima decretorum facultas", meaning Faculty of Canon Law.^[9]

During this period, people who wanted to learn civil law (Roman Law) and become lawyers would usually go to the nearby faculty of law of the University of Orléans. Hence, Molière, Calvin, Perrault, Cujas, Rabelais, Fermat, La Boétie and others went to this faculty.^[10]

1679–1793: Faculty of civil and canon law

Jacques-Germain Soufflot, alumnus and architect of the Panthéon building of the Faculty of Law of Paris, opened in 1774

After the Edict of Saint-Germain of April 1679 by Louis XIV reestablished the teaching of Roman law in Paris, the faculty was known as the "faculty of civil and canon law".

Louis XIV also introduced French Customary Law into the programs.

The faculty was closed alongside other faculties on September 15, 1793, by the French Revolution.

1802–1970: Faculty of Law of Paris

Large amphitheatre of the Faculty of Law of Paris in 1847

Course at the Faculty of Law of Paris in the early 20th century

In 1802, the faculty of law was re-opened, and was called "the School of Law of Paris" (l'École de droit de Paris). In 1896, the law faculty and the henceforth four other Parisian faculties were grouped together to recreate the University of Paris. In the late 1950s, it became a "faculty of law and economics".

The Code Civil was taught after its creation in 1804. The programs were reformed at the end of the 19th century.

Originally, the faculty of law was not organized around research centers and professors were pursuing their research as part of faculty of law in general. Hence, only newly emerging fields of research would have newly created institutes, whereas traditional subjects such as Roman Law and Legal History, Private Law in general and Public law in general, would not necessarily have ones.

"Doctorate courses" existed in legal studies at that time until they were replaced in 1925 by the "Diplôme d'études supérieures". The Decree of the 2 May 1925 created in each faculty of Law 4 DES: DES in Roman Law and Legal history, DES in Private Law, DES in public Law and DES in Politics and Economics. It required students to obtain two of them undergraduate studies to be able to begin a doctorate (PhD). In 1964, the undergraduate studies took 4 years (4-year licence, and eventually 3-year licence and a one-year maîtrise) and only one DES was necessary to begin a doctorate. 2 additional DES are created in each faculty: DES in Criminal Law and Politics and Economics are separated in two DES.

1970: Dissolution

Following the events of May 1968, the faculties of the University of Paris became independent universities^[11]

Most law professors (88 out of 108) decided to perpetuate the faculty of law and economics^[8] within the same two buildings (Panthéon and Assas). Therefore, they created the "University of Law, Economics and social sciences of Paris" (Université de droit, d'économie et de sciences sociales de Paris), administratively shortened as Paris II, and currently named Panthéon-Assas University,^[6] which is therefore considered as its direct inheritor.^[7] Panthéon-Assas inherited the teaching programs and research centers from the Faculty of Law.^[12] Some joined interdisciplinary universities in Paris, like Panthéon-Sorbonne University, Paris Descartes University, Paris-East Créteil University (these names were formed later), or outside Paris.

Likewise, most of its professors in economics (35 out of 41) preferred to join the multidisciplinary university, Paris I, later called Panthéon-Sorbonne University^[8] while others joined Panthéon-Assas University, Paris Dauphine University, Paris Descartes University (currently Paris Cité University) and Paris-East Créteil University.

Campuses

In 1680, Louis XIV decided to place the faculty of law at the Royal College.^[13]

In 1753, Louis XV decided that a new building would be constructed for the faculty of law on the place du Panthéon. Jacques-Germain Soufflot, alumnus of the faculty who had become the architect of the King designed and supervised the construction. It took place from 1771 to 1773 and the new building opened in 1774.^[14]

In the 1950s, a new building was constructed rue d'Assas in Paris. It was designed by Charles Lemaresquier, Alain le Normand and François Carpentier^[15] to accommodate the growing number of students at the University of Paris.^[16] It was built between 1959 and 1963^[15] on the former grounds of Société Marinoni.^[17] At the time of its inauguration, its main lecture theatre was the largest in France, with 1,700 seats^[18]

Notable faculty

Andrea Alciato, founder of legal humanism

1100–1679

• Andrea Alciato, founder of legal humanism

1679–1793

• Mathieu-Antoine Bouchaud, author of the French Enlightenment and professor of law at the Paris Law Faculty

19th century

Francois Denis Tronchet, president of the commission for the creation of the French Civil Code and lawyer of Louis XVI of France at his trial

Émile Acollas, one of the founders of the League of Peace and Freedom

Gustave Boissonade, builder of the Japanese Civil Law during the Meiji Era

• Francois Denis Tronchet, president of the commission for the creation of the French Civil Code^[19] and lawyer of Louis XVI of France at his trial (with Malesherbes and Deseze)
• Claude-Étienne Delvincourt, also mentioned by Victor Hugo in Les Misérables as professor of Marius Pontmercy^[19]
• Joseph Louis Elzéar Ortolan^[20]
• Paul Gide and Charles Gide, father and uncle of André Gide, Nobel Prize in Literature 1947^[20]
• Gustave Boissonade, builder of the Japanese Civil Law during the Meiji Era
• Émile Acollas, one of the founders of the League of Peace and Freedom^[21]
• Louis Renault^[22]

20th century

René Cassin, co-author of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Nobel Peace Prize, soldier during WW2

• Gaston Jèze, French academic, humanitarian and human rights activist (including during WW2)^[22]
• André Weiss^[22]
• Boris Mirkin-Getzevich
• René Cassin, known for co-authoring the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, receiving the Nobel Peace Prize, soldier during WW2
• Georges Ripert^[23]
• Henri Mazeaud (1939–1971, later professor emeritus from Paris II), twin brother of Léon Mazeaud, resistant to Nazi Germany and deported to Buchenwald
• Léon Mazeaud, (1941–1970), twin brother of Henri Mazeaud, resistant to Nazi Germany and deported to Buchenwald, dead in a hiking accident^[24]
• René Capitant, minister of Justice after WW2^[23]
• René David (1945–1968, went in 1968 to Aix-Marseille University until 1976), one of the most prominent professors of comparative law in the world in the 20th century, honorary degrees from the University of Edinburgh, Brussels, Ottawa, Basel, Leicester and Helsinki, recipient of the Amnesty International's Erasmus Prize in 1976.
• Suzanne Bastid (1947–1977, Paris II from 1971) was the first woman professor of Law of France, the first woman to be a member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques Secretary General of the Institute of International Law (Nobel prize 1904).
• Georges Vedel (1949–1979, Paris II from 1971),^[25] former member of the Constitutional Council of France
• Jean Carbonnier (1955–1976, Paris II from 1971), one of the most famous French professors in Law of the 20th Century.^[26]
• Gérard Cornu (born 1967,^[27] Paris II from 1971), who wrote the new French Code of Civil Procedure in the late 1970s^[28] and is also well known in France for his Dictionary of Legal Vocabulary, translated in English.^[29][30]
• François Terré (1969–1999, Paris II from 1971), president in 2008 of the legal section of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques, head of the private committee for the reform of French Law of Obligations.^[31]
• Jacques Robert (1969–1979, Paris II from 1971), former member of the Constitutional Council of France

Notable alumni (1100–1679)

Alumni of the Paris Law Faculty: Classical Ages

Saint Ivo, patron of the lawyers and of abandoned children, "Advocate of the Poor"

Alain-René Lesage, author of Gil Blas

Nicolas Boileau, one of the builders of French poetry

Nicolas Fouquet, Superintendent of Finances under King Louis XIV

The Pope forbade the teaching of Roman law in Paris in 1223 with the decretal Super Specula. Until the reintroduction of Roman Law (civil law) by Louis XIV, people who wanted to learn civil law (Roman Law) and become lawyers would usually go to the nearby faculty of Law of the University of Orléans. Hence, Molière, Calvin, Perrault, Cujas, Rabelais, Fermat, La Boétie and others went to the latter.^[10]

• Saint Ivo, patron of the lawyers of abandoned children, and of Brittany, "Advocate of the Poor"^[32]
• Nicolas Boileau, one of the builders of French poetry^[33]
• Julius Caesar, Chancellor of the Exchequer
• Nicolas Fouquet, Superintendent of Finances under King Louis XIV
• Alain-René Lesage, author of Gil Blas

Alumni of the Paris Law Faculty: French Enlightment

Jean le Rond d'Alembert, mathematician, physicist and philosopher

Denis Diderot, co-creator with d'Alembert of the Encyclopédie

Voltaire, author of the French Enlightenment

Notable alumni (1679–1793)

• Voltaire
• Mathieu-Antoine Bouchaud, author of the French Enlightenment
• Jean le Rond d'Alembert, co-creator with Diderot of the Encyclopédie (creating the concept of encyclopedia)
• Denis Diderot, co-creator with d'Alembert of the Encyclopédie
• Étienne Pascal, father and instructor of Blaise Pascal
• Maximilien Robespierre, prominent member of the French Revolution
• Camille Desmoulins, member of the French Revolution

Alumni of the Paris Law Faculty: Prominent intellectuals (after the Revolution)

Victor Hugo, author of Les Misérables and most influential French intellectual in French modern history

Alexis de Tocqueville, author of Democracy in America

Alumni of the Paris Law Faculty: Judiciary and lawyers

Henri Donnedieu de Vabres, French judge at the Nuremberg trials

Louis Leblois, magistrate and lawyer of Alfred Dreyfus

Tcheng Yu-hsiu, first female lawyer and judge in Chinese history

Notable alumni (1802–1970)

Intellectuals

• Victor Hugo^[34]
• Alexis de Tocqueville^[19]

Law professors

• Manuel Alejandro Álvarez Jofré, Chilean professor of international law and a judge at the International Court of Justice
• Henri Batiffol
• Raymond Carré de Malberg
• Lev Kasso, Russian professor of law and secretary of public instruction
• Gustave Boissonade

Alumni of the Paris Law Faculty: Women and the law

Jeanne Chauvin, first woman to lead at the bar in France

Sarmiza Bilcescu, first female student in law of France, first PhD in law of France

Olga Petit, first woman to take the oath to become barrister in France

Judiciary and lawyers

Lawyers who are more well known as politicians are listed in the section about politicians.

• Sarmiza Bilcescu, first female student in law in France and first female doctor of law in France
• Jeanne Chauvin, first woman to lead at the bar in France
• Henri Donnedieu de Vabres, French judge at the Nuremberg trials
• Louis Henri Barboux, lawyer for Sarah Bernhardt in her 1880 breach-of-contract suit against the Comédie-Française
• Louis Leblois, magistrate and lawyer of Alfred Dreyfus, symbolic French antisemitism case
• Fernand Labori, lawyer of Alfred Dreyfus
• Paul Magnaud, prominent magistrate
• Rodolphe-Madeleine Cleophas Dareste de La Chavanne
• Mireille Ndiaye
• Olga Petit, first woman to take the oath to become barrister in France
• Simone Rozès, first female president of the French Court of Cassation (highest position for a judge in France)
• Jacques Vergès, prominent French lawyer
• Tcheng Yu-hsiu, first female lawyer and judge in Chinese history

Alumni of the Paris Law Faculty: Literature, arts and other sciences

Claude Lévi-Strauss, "father of modern anthropology"

Marius Pontmercy, fictional lawyer, from Les Misérables

Dariush Safvat, music master

Marcel Proust, author of In Search of Lost Time

Honoré de Balzac, author of La Comédie Humaine series

Literature, arts and social activism

• Honoré de Balzac, prominent author
• René Bazin, prominent author
• Gustave Flaubert, author of Madame Bovary
• Marcel Proust, author of In Search of Lost Time
• Anne Ancelin Schützenberger, psychologist
• Jean Aubert, engineer
• Jacques Bainville, journalist and historian
• Alfred Binet, psychologist
• Henri Burin des Roziers, priest and social activist
• Charles Champoiseau, archeologist
• Éric de Dampierre, ethnologist
• Émile Dard, historian
• Henri de Gaulle, teacher, father of Charles de Gaulle (president of France)
• Gaëtan Duval, activist
• Dariush Safvat, music master
• Raphaël Salem, Raphaël Salem, Greek mathematician whose name gave the Salem numbers, the Salem–Spencer sets and the Salem Prize
• Claude Lévi-Strauss, "father of modern anthropology"

Alumni of the Paris Law Faculty: French and World Politics

François Mitterrand, president of France for 14 years

Aristide Briand, prime minister, Nobel Peace Prize 1926

Raymond Poincaré, president of France during World War I and prime minister

Constantin Argetoianu, prime minister of Romania, died in prison without trial

Shapour Bakhtiar, last prime minister of Iran before the Islamic Republic, assassinated in 1991

Politics and military

France: presidents

• François Mitterrand, president for 14 years
• Jean Casimir-Perier, president and prime minister, involved in the Dreyfus affair against antisemitism
• Raymond Poincaré, president during World War I and prime minister

France: prime ministers

• Aristide Briand, prime minister, Nobel Peace Prize 1926
• Léon Gambetta, prime minister, influential during the Franco-Prussian War and in the restoration of the Republic in France
• Jules Grévy, prime minister
• Michel Debré, prime minister
• Pierre Messmer, prime minister
• Maurice Couve de Murville, prime minister
• Henri Brisson, prime minister
• Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury, prime minister
• Léon Bourgeois, prime minister

France: other

• Jules Favre, opponent to Napoleon III
• Robert Badinter, minister of justice
• Gustave Rouland
• Simone Veil, minister of justice
• Pierre-Antoine Berryer, member of parliament and the Académie française
• Bernard Barberon, resistant to Nazi Germany
• Jean-Baptiste Biaggi, resistant and member of parliament
• Guy de Boysson, resistant
• Lucien Brun, prominent member of parliament of the French Third Republic
• Pierre Jacobsen, resistant and high-rank military
• Jean-Marie Le Pen, member of parliament

Outside of France

• Javad Ameri, Iranian minister of Interior
• Ali Amini, Prime Minister of Iran
• Constantin Argetoianu, prime minister of Romania
• Shapour Bakhtiar, last prime minister of Iran before the Islamic Republic, voluntary soldier during WW2 to help France, opponent to monarchy, to clerical rule and to the communists, assassinated in France by agents of the Islamic Republic in 1991
• Hassen Belkhodja, Tunisian secretary of state
• Habib Bourguiba Jr., Tunisian politician, son of Habib Bourguiba
• Boutros Boutros-Ghali, sixth secretary-general of the United Nations (UN)
• Armand Călinescu, prime minister of Romania
• Hasan Dosti, Albanian nationalist
• Abbas Ali Khalatbari, Iranian secretary of foreign affairs
• Gheorghe Mironescu
• Vũ Văn Mẫu, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Vietnam and Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam
• Wei Tao-ming, Republic of China's ambassador to the United States during the Second World War

Fictional

• Marius Pontmercy, from Les Misérables

Deans

• 1417- : Raoul Roussel
• Charles Giraud
• 1805-1809 : Louis-François Portiez
• 1809-1830 : Claude-Étienne Delvincourt
• 1830-1843 : Hyacinthe Blondeau
• 1843-1845 : Pellegrino Rossi
• 1845-1846 : Jacques Berriat-Saint-Prix
• 1846-1847 : Albert-Paul Royer-Collard
• 1847-1868 : Charles Auguste Pellat
• 1868-1879 : Gabriel Frédéric Colmet-Daâge
• 1879-1887 : Charles Beudant
• 1887-1896 : Edmond Colmet de Santerre
• 1896-1899 : Eugène Garsonnet
• 1899-1906 : Ernest Désiré Glasson
• 1906-1910 : Charles Lyon-Caen
• 1910-1913 : Paul Cauwès]
• 1913-1922 : Ferdinand Larnaude
• 1922-1933 : Henry Berthélemy
• 1933-1938 : Edgard Allix
• 1937-1944 : Georges Ripert
• 1944-1955 : Léon Julliot de La Morandière
• 1962-1967 : Georges Vedel
• 1967-1970 : Alain Barrère

References

1. Abt & Riess, p. 276.
2. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01788055/document, p. 13
3. "Les universités au Moyen âge".
4. "Genèse et organisation des nations universitaires en Europe aux xiie et xiiie siècles". Nation et nations au Moyen Âge : XLIVe Congrès de la SHMESP (Prague, 23 mai-26 mai 2013). Histoire ancienne et médiévale. Éditions de la Sorbonne. 19 April 2019. pp. 273–286. ISBN 9791035101503.
5. "Université Panthéon Assas - Adresse Paris 2 - Cours Droit, Science politique, gestion....Master, licence - La Chancellerie des Universités de Paris". Retrieved 26 December 2016.
6. "Université de droit, d'économie et de sciences sociales de Paris - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)".
7. "French National Agency of Evaluation of Higher education institutions, p. 65" (PDF).
8. "Les programmes de I à VII" (in French). 1970-06-24. Retrieved 2019-02-09.
9. "X. La Faculté de Décret de la Sorbonne". Nos Facultés de Droit.
10. "Faculté de Droit de Paris - (Page 3) - Nos Facultés de Droit".
11. Décret n^o 70-928 du 8 octobre 1970.
12. Décret n^o 70-246 du 21 mars 1970, article 5
13. "XIX. l'École de Droit en 1774, place du Panthéon". Nos Facultés de Droit.
14. "XIX. l'École de Droit en 1774, place du Panthéon". Nos Facultés de Droit.
15. Hottin, Christian (1999). Universités et grandes écoles à Paris : les palais de la science (in French). Action artistique de la ville de Paris., p. 206.
16. Conac, p. 170.
17. Le Ray, p. 24.
18. Hottin, Christian (1999). Universités et grandes écoles à Paris : les palais de la science (in French). Action artistique de la ville de Paris., p. 188.
19. "Faculté de Droit de Paris - (Page 6) - Nos Facultés de Droit".
20. "Faculté de Droit de Paris - (Page 7) - Nos Facultés de Droit".
21. "Faculté de Droit de Paris - (Page 10) - Nos Facultés de Droit".
22. "Faculté de Droit de Paris - (Page 11) - Nos Facultés de Droit".
23. "Faculté de Droit de Paris - (Page 12) - Nos Facultés de Droit".
24. "Léon Mazeaud Se Tue en Montagne". Le Monde.fr. 25 August 1970.
25. Tripier, Yves (2003). La Laïcité, ses prémices et son évolution depuis 1905 (le cas breton) (in French). Éditions L'Harmattan. p. 122.
26. "Exposition Virtuelle : Jean Carbonnier". Retrieved 26 December 2016.
27. "Biographie Gérard Cornu Universitaire".
28. "Hommage à Gérard Cornu - Thèmes et commentaires - 11/2009 - Editions Dalloz". Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
29. le Tourneau, Philippe (31 December 2008). "In memoriam Gérard Cornu". Bibliothèque de Philosophie Comparée (in French). Archived from the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
30. "Jean Carbonnier". Retrieved 26 December 2016.
31. "François Terré : " La réforme est marquée par une recherche d'équilibre dans les relations contractuelles "". Les Echos Business. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
32. "XIV. Saint Yves, étudiant en droit à Paris et Orléans vers 1270". Nos Facultés de Droit.
33. "Nicolas Boileau: Le Législateur du Parnasse". Nos Facultés de Droit.
34. "1802-1822". Maisons de Victor Hugo | Paris - Guernesey. 9 August 2013.

Sources

• Abt, Lawrence Edwin; Riess, Bernard Frank, eds. (1966). Progress in Clinical Psychology. Grune & Stratton.
• Conac, Gérard (2005). "La fondation de l'université Paris I : François Luchaire, pilote d'une transition institutionnelle". In Bougrab, Jeannette; Maus, Didier (eds.). François Luchaire, un républicain au service de la République (in French). Publications de la Sorbonne. ISBN 978-2859445157.
• Décret n^o 70-928 du 8 octobre 1970 (in French).

External links

• L’histoire de la Faculté de Droit de Paris (v. 1100-1970), detailed history of the Faculty of Law of Paris (and from the teaching of law from the 4th Century BC in Celtic Gauls)
• Pictures of the Faculty of Law of Paris in the early 20th century, from the Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de la Sorbonne.
• Pictures of the Faculty of Law of Paris between 1880 and 1945, from the Paris public library.

Further reading

• Antonetti, Guy (2013). Les professeurs de la faculté des droits de Paris (1679–1793) (in French). Éditions Panthéon-Assas. ISBN 979-1090429253.

48.8469°N 2.3447°E / 48.8469; 2.3447