Ukraine is the second-largest European country, after Russia. Its various regions have diverse geographic features ranging from highlands to lowlands, as well as climatic range and a wide variety in hydrography. Most of the country lies within the East European Plain.
 Wheat field in Ukraine | |
 | |
| Continent | Europe |
|---|---|
| Region | Eastern Europe |
| Coordinates | 50°27′N 30°30′E |
| Area | Ranked 45th |
| • Total | 603,500 km2 (233,000 sq mi) |
| • Land | 96% |
| • Water | 4% |
| Coastline | 2,782 km (1,729 mi) |
| Borders | 4,558 km (2,832 mi) |
| Highest point | Hoverla 2,061 metres (6,762 ft) |
| Lowest point | Kuyalnik Estuary −5 metres (−16 ft) |
| Longest river | Dnieper 981 kilometres (610 mi) |
| Largest lake | Lake Yalpuh 149 km2 (57.53 sq mi) |
| Exclusive economic zone | 147,318 km2 (56,880 sq mi) |
Lying between latitudes 44° and 53° N, and longitudes 22° and 41° E, Ukraine covers an area of 603,628 square kilometres (233,062 sq mi), with a coastline of 2,782 kilometres (1,729 mi).[1]
The landscape of Ukraine consists mostly of fertile steppes[2] and plateaus, crossed by rivers such as the Dnieper, Siverskyi Donets, Dniester and the Southern Bug as they flow south into the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. To the southwest, the delta of the Danube forms the border with Romania. The country's only mountains are the Carpathian Mountains in the west, of which the highest is Hoverla at 2,061 metres (6,762 ft), and the Crimean Mountains, in the extreme south along the coast.[3]
Ukraine also has a number of highland regions such as the Volyn-Podillia Upland (in the west) and the Near-Dnipro Upland (on the right bank of the Dnieper). To the east there are the south-western spurs of the Central Russian Upland, over which runs the border with the Russia. Near the Sea of Azov can be found the Donets Ridge and the Near Azov Upland. The snow melt from the mountains feeds the rivers and their waterfalls.
Significant natural resources in Ukraine include lithium,[4] natural gas,[5] kaolin,[5] timber,[6] and an abundance of arable land. Despite this, the country faces a number of major environmental issues such as inadequate supplies of potable water, air and water pollution, deforestation, and radioactive contamination in the north-east from the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.
Geographic location
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Ukraine is located in Eastern Europe: lying on the northern shores of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. The country borders Belarus in the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary in the west, Moldova and Romania in the south-west, and Russia in the east.[7]
The total geographic area of Ukraine is 603,700 square kilometers (233,100 sq mi). Ukraine has an Exclusive Economic Zone of 147,318 km2 (56,880 sq mi) in the Black Sea.[7]
The land border of Ukraine totals 6,993 kilometers (4,345 mi).[8] The border lengths with each country are: Belarus 891 kilometers (554 mi)[failed verification], Hungary 103 kilometers (64 mi)[failed verification], Moldova 939 kilometers (583 mi)[failed verification], Poland 428 kilometers (266 mi)[failed verification], Romania 169 kilometers (105 mi) on the south and 362 kilometers (225 mi) on the west[failed verification], Russia 1,974 kilometers (1,227 mi), and Slovakia 90 kilometers (56 mi)[failed verification]. Ukraine is also bordered by 3,783 kilometers (2,351 mi) of coastline[failed verification]. The border with Russia, part of which runs through the Sea of Azov, is the country's longest border.[9]
The village of Vel'ké Slemence is split between Slovakia and Ukraine.[10]
Relief
Most of its territory lies within the Great European Plain, while parts of western regions and southern regions lay within the Alpine system. In general Ukraine comprises two different biomes: mixed forest towards the middle of the continent, and steppe towards the Black Sea littoral. Major provinces include, Polesian Lowland, Dnieper Lowland, Volhynia-Podolie Plateau, Black Sea-Azov Lowland, Donets-Azov Plateau, Central Russian Upland, Carpathians, and Pannonian Basin.
The western regions feature an alpine-like section of Carpathian Mountains, the Eastern Carpathians that stretches across Poland, Ukraine and Romania. The highest peak is Mount Hoverla, which at 2,061 meters (6,762 ft) above sea level is the highest point in the country. Mountains are limited to the west, the southern tip of Ukraine on the Sea of Azov. The western region has the Carpathian Mountains, and some eroded mountains from the Donets Ridge are in the east near the Sea of Azov.
Most of Ukraine's area is taken up by the steppe-like region just north of the Black Sea. Most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (or steppes) and plateaus. In terms of land use, 58% of Ukraine is considered arable land; 2% is used for permanent crops, 13% for permanent pastures, 18% is forests and woodland, and 9% is other.
Physiographic division of Ukraine
Most of Ukraine consists of regular plains with the average height above sea level being 175 metres (574 ft). It is surrounded by mountains to its west and extreme south. Wide spaces of the country's plains are located in the south-western part of the East European Plain. The plains have numerous highlands and lowlands caused by the uneven crystallized base of the East European craton. The highlands are characterized by Precambrian basement rocks from the Ukrainian Shield.
Plains are considered elevations of no more than 0–600 m (0–1,969 ft) among which there are recognized lowlands (plains) and uplands (plateaus, ridges, hill ridges).
Great European Plain (subregion East European Plain)
- Volhynia-Podillia Upland (Volhynia-Podillia Plateau)
- Volhynian Upland
- Podolian Upland
- Small Polesia Plain
- Khotyn Upland (part of Moldavian Plateau)
- Roztocze
- Sian-Dniester Lowland
- Eastern Carpathian Foothills
- Polesian Lowland
- Dnieper Upland
- Dnieper Lowland
- Central Russian Upland
- Donets-Azov Plateau
- Donets Upland
- Azov Upland
- Donets Ridge
- Black Sea-Azov Lowland
- Black Sea Lowland
- Crimean Lowland
- Azov Lowland
Alpine system
- Transcarpathian Lowland (extension of Great Hungarian Plain, part of Eastern Pannonian Basin)
- Eastern Carpathians (part of Carpathian Mountains)
- Crimean Mountains
Soil
From northwest to southeast the soils of Ukraine may be divided into three major aggregations:[11]
- a zone of sandy podzolized soils
- a central belt consisting of the extremely fertile Ukrainian black earth (chernozems)
- a zone of chestnut and salinized soils
As much as two-thirds of the country's surface land consists of black earth, a resource that has made Ukraine one of the most fertile regions in the world and well known as a "breadbasket".[12] These soils may be divided into three broad groups:
- in the north, a belt of deep chernozems, about 1.5 metres (5 feet) thick and rich in humus
- south and east of the former, a zone of prairie, or ordinary, chernozems, which are equally rich in humus but only about 90 centimetres (3 feet) thick
- the southernmost belt, which is even thinner and has still less humus
Interspersed in various uplands and along the northern and western perimeters of the deep chernozems are mixtures of gray forest soils and podzolized black-earth soils, which together occupy much of Ukraine's remaining area. All these soils are very fertile when sufficient water is available. However, their intensive cultivation, especially on steep slopes, has led to widespread soil erosion and gullying.
The smallest proportion of the soil cover consists of the chestnut soils of the southern and eastern regions. They become increasingly salinized to the south as they approach the Black Sea.[11]
Hydrography
The territory of Ukraine is bordered by the waters of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. More than 95% of the rivers are part of those two seas' drainage basins. A few rivers are part of the Baltic Sea basin. There are seven major rivers in Ukraine: Desna, Dnipro, Dnister, Danube, Prypiat, Siverian Donets, and Southern Buh.[13]
Climate
| Location | July (°C) | July (°F) | January (°C) | January (°F) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kyiv | 27/17 | 80/62 | -1/-6 | 31/22 |
| Kharkiv | 27/17 | 81/62 | -2/-7 | 28/20 |
| Dnipro | 29/17 | 84/63 | -1/-6 | 30/21 |
| Odesa | 28/19 | 82/66 | 2/-3 | 36/27 |
| Donetsk | 27/16 | 81/61 | -1/-6 | 29/20 |
| Zaporizhzhia | 28/16 | 83/61 | -0/-5 | 31/21 |
| Lviv | 24/13 | 75/56 | -1/-8 | 32/21 |
Ukraine is firmly in the mid-latitudes, and generally has a continental climate, except for its southern coasts, which feature cold semi-arid and humid subtropical climates.[18] Average annual temperatures range from 5.5–7 °C (41.9–44.6 °F) in the north, to 11–13 °C (51.8–55.4 °F) in the south.[19] Precipitation is disproportionately distributed; it is highest in the west and north and lowest in the east and southeast.[19] Western Ukraine, particularly in the Carpathian Mountains, receives around 1,200 millimetres (47.2 in) of precipitation annually, while Crimea and the coastal areas of the Black Sea receive around 400 millimetres (15.7 in).[19]
Water availability from the major river basins is expected to decrease, especially in summer. This poses risks to the agricultural sector.[20] The negative impacts of climate change on agriculture are mostly felt in the south of the country, which has a steppe climate. In the north, some crops may be able to benefit from a longer growing season.[21] The World Bank has stated that Ukraine is highly vulnerable to climate change.[22]
| Climate data for Kyiv (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 13.2 (55.8) |
17.3 (63.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
30.2 (86.4) |
33.6 (92.5) |
35.5 (95.9) |
39.4 (102.9) |
39.3 (102.7) |
35.7 (96.3) |
27.9 (82.2) |
23.2 (73.8) |
15.2 (59.4) |
39.4 (102.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.8 (30.6) |
0.7 (33.3) |
6.5 (43.7) |
15.0 (59.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
24.6 (76.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
25.9 (78.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
12.9 (55.2) |
5.3 (41.5) |
0.5 (32.9) |
13.2 (55.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.2 (26.2) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
2.5 (36.5) |
10.0 (50.0) |
15.8 (60.4) |
19.5 (67.1) |
21.3 (70.3) |
20.5 (68.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
8.6 (47.5) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.5 (22.1) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
5.7 (42.3) |
10.9 (51.6) |
14.8 (58.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
15.7 (60.3) |
10.6 (51.1) |
5.1 (41.2) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
5.4 (41.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −31.1 (−24.0) |
−32.2 (−26.0) |
−24.9 (−12.8) |
−10.4 (13.3) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
2.5 (36.5) |
5.8 (42.4) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
−17.8 (0.0) |
−21.9 (−7.4) |
−30.0 (−22.0) |
−32.2 (−26.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 38 (1.5) |
40 (1.6) |
40 (1.6) |
42 (1.7) |
65 (2.6) |
73 (2.9) |
68 (2.7) |
56 (2.2) |
57 (2.2) |
46 (1.8) |
46 (1.8) |
47 (1.9) |
618 (24.3) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 9 (3.5) |
11 (4.3) |
7 (2.8) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
2 (0.8) |
5 (2.0) |
11 (4.3) |
| Average rainy days | 8 | 7 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 11 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 9 | 138 |
| Average snowy days | 17 | 17 | 10 | 2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 2 | 9 | 16 | 73 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 82.7 | 80.1 | 74.0 | 64.3 | 62.0 | 67.5 | 68.3 | 66.9 | 73.5 | 77.4 | 84.6 | 85.6 | 73.9 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 42 | 64 | 112 | 162 | 257 | 273 | 287 | 252 | 189 | 123 | 51 | 31 | 1,843 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net,[23] Central Observatory for Geophysics (extremes),[24][25] World Meteorological Organization (humidity 1981–2010)[26] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun, 1931–1960)[27] and Weather Atlas[28] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Kharkiv (1991−2020, extremes 1936–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 11.1 (52.0) |
14.6 (58.3) |
21.8 (71.2) |
30.5 (86.9) |
34.5 (94.1) |
39.8 (103.6) |
38.4 (101.1) |
39.8 (103.6) |
34.7 (94.5) |
29.3 (84.7) |
20.3 (68.5) |
13.4 (56.1) |
39.8 (103.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −2.1 (28.2) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
5.2 (41.4) |
14.7 (58.5) |
21.4 (70.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
27.4 (81.3) |
26.8 (80.2) |
20.5 (68.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
4.3 (39.7) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
12.9 (55.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.5 (23.9) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
1.4 (34.5) |
9.7 (49.5) |
16.1 (61.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
22.0 (71.6) |
21.1 (70.0) |
15.1 (59.2) |
8.2 (46.8) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
8.7 (47.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.8 (19.8) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
4.8 (40.6) |
10.7 (51.3) |
14.7 (58.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
15.4 (59.7) |
10.2 (50.4) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
4.6 (40.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −35.6 (−32.1) |
−29.8 (−21.6) |
−32.2 (−26.0) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
2.2 (36.0) |
5.7 (42.3) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
−20.9 (−5.6) |
−30.8 (−23.4) |
−35.6 (−32.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 37 (1.5) |
33 (1.3) |
36 (1.4) |
32 (1.3) |
54 (2.1) |
58 (2.3) |
63 (2.5) |
39 (1.5) |
44 (1.7) |
44 (1.7) |
39 (1.5) |
40 (1.6) |
519 (20.4) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 8 (3.1) |
11 (4.3) |
8 (3.1) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
4 (1.6) |
11 (4.3) |
| Average rainy days | 10 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 143 |
| Average snowy days | 19 | 18 | 12 | 2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 2 | 9 | 18 | 80 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 85.6 | 83.0 | 77.3 | 65.7 | 60.9 | 65.2 | 65.3 | 62.9 | 70.2 | 77.6 | 85.7 | 86.5 | 73.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 41.5 | 63.3 | 123.5 | 166.7 | 252.9 | 266.6 | 278.0 | 262.4 | 176.6 | 112.8 | 51.0 | 31.4 | 1,826.7 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[29] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (humidity and sun 1981–2010)[30] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Dnipro (1991–2020, extremes 1948–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.3 (54.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
24.1 (75.4) |
31.8 (89.2) |
36.1 (97.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
39.8 (103.6) |
40.9 (105.6) |
36.5 (97.7) |
32.6 (90.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
40.9 (105.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) |
0.6 (33.1) |
7.1 (44.8) |
16.0 (60.8) |
22.7 (72.9) |
26.6 (79.9) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.7 (83.7) |
22.4 (72.3) |
14.4 (57.9) |
5.8 (42.4) |
0.6 (33.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.6 (25.5) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
2.5 (36.5) |
10.3 (50.5) |
16.5 (61.7) |
20.5 (68.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.1 (71.8) |
16.2 (61.2) |
9.2 (48.6) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.1 (21.0) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
5.1 (41.2) |
10.9 (51.6) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.1 (62.8) |
16.3 (61.3) |
11.0 (51.8) |
5.2 (41.4) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
5.3 (41.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −30.0 (−22.0) |
−27.8 (−18.0) |
−19.2 (−2.6) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
3.9 (39.0) |
5.9 (42.6) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−17.9 (−0.2) |
−27.8 (−18.0) |
−30.0 (−22.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 50 (2.0) |
43 (1.7) |
51 (2.0) |
39 (1.5) |
51 (2.0) |
64 (2.5) |
55 (2.2) |
45 (1.8) |
42 (1.7) |
39 (1.5) |
44 (1.7) |
46 (1.8) |
569 (22.4) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 7 (2.8) |
10 (3.9) |
5 (2.0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
4 (1.6) |
10 (3.9) |
| Average rainy days | 9 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 132 |
| Average snowy days | 16 | 15 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 15 | 64 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 87.7 | 84.6 | 79.2 | 66.8 | 62.2 | 66.2 | 64.7 | 62.4 | 69.5 | 77.2 | 86.5 | 88.3 | 74.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 45.2 | 70.7 | 126.3 | 179.0 | 264.9 | 269.5 | 299.0 | 277.5 | 197.3 | 132.1 | 58.2 | 34.4 | 1,954.1 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[31] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (humidity and sun 1981–2010)[32] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Odesa (1991–2020, extremes 1894–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.7 (60.3) |
19.2 (66.6) |
24.1 (75.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
33.2 (91.8) |
37.2 (99.0) |
39.3 (102.7) |
38.0 (100.4) |
35.4 (95.7) |
30.5 (86.9) |
26.0 (78.8) |
16.9 (62.4) |
39.3 (102.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.3 (36.1) |
3.4 (38.1) |
7.7 (45.9) |
13.6 (56.5) |
20.3 (68.5) |
25.1 (77.2) |
27.9 (82.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
21.8 (71.2) |
15.3 (59.5) |
9.1 (48.4) |
4.2 (39.6) |
14.9 (58.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) |
0.4 (32.7) |
4.3 (39.7) |
10.0 (50.0) |
16.2 (61.2) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.1 (73.6) |
17.8 (64.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
6.3 (43.3) |
1.5 (34.7) |
11.3 (52.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.7 (27.1) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
1.6 (34.9) |
6.9 (44.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
16.9 (62.4) |
19.1 (66.4) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.0 (57.2) |
8.9 (48.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
8.1 (46.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −26.2 (−15.2) |
−28.0 (−18.4) |
−16.0 (3.2) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
0.3 (32.5) |
5.2 (41.4) |
7.5 (45.5) |
7.9 (46.2) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−14.6 (5.7) |
−19.6 (−3.3) |
−28.0 (−18.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 43 (1.7) |
35 (1.4) |
35 (1.4) |
28 (1.1) |
39 (1.5) |
47 (1.9) |
45 (1.8) |
40 (1.6) |
44 (1.7) |
37 (1.5) |
39 (1.5) |
38 (1.5) |
470 (18.5) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 2 (0.8) |
2 (0.8) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
2 (0.8) |
| Average rainy days | 9 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 122 |
| Average snowy days | 11 | 10 | 6 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 4 | 9 | 41 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 82.5 | 80.7 | 78.4 | 74.5 | 71.0 | 70.6 | 66.0 | 65.4 | 71.8 | 77.1 | 81.9 | 83.6 | 75.3 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 63.2 | 91.6 | 142.2 | 199.5 | 292.5 | 307.5 | 332.9 | 313.1 | 234.6 | 164.7 | 73.0 | 57.4 | 2,272.2 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru[33] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (humidity and sun 1981–2010)[34] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Yalta (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.8 (64.0) |
20.2 (68.4) |
27.8 (82.0) |
28.5 (83.3) |
33.0 (91.4) |
35.0 (95.0) |
39.1 (102.4) |
39.1 (102.4) |
33.2 (91.8) |
31.5 (88.7) |
25.2 (77.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
39.1 (102.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.4 (45.3) |
7.7 (45.9) |
10.4 (50.7) |
14.8 (58.6) |
20.5 (68.9) |
25.7 (78.3) |
29.1 (84.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
24.2 (75.6) |
18.3 (64.9) |
12.8 (55.0) |
8.9 (48.0) |
17.4 (63.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) |
4.6 (40.3) |
6.8 (44.2) |
11.1 (52.0) |
16.4 (61.5) |
21.6 (70.9) |
24.8 (76.6) |
25.0 (77.0) |
20.1 (68.2) |
14.6 (58.3) |
9.7 (49.5) |
6.3 (43.3) |
13.8 (56.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) |
2.2 (36.0) |
4.1 (39.4) |
8.1 (46.6) |
13.1 (55.6) |
18.1 (64.6) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.5 (70.7) |
16.8 (62.2) |
11.7 (53.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
4.1 (39.4) |
10.9 (51.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −12.2 (10.0) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
2.8 (37.0) |
7.8 (46.0) |
12.4 (54.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 76 (3.0) |
56 (2.2) |
48 (1.9) |
29 (1.1) |
36 (1.4) |
35 (1.4) |
32 (1.3) |
43 (1.7) |
43 (1.7) |
52 (2.0) |
57 (2.2) |
84 (3.3) |
591 (23.3) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 1 (0.4) |
1 (0.4) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
| Average rainy days | 14 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 134 |
| Average snowy days | 6 | 6 | 4 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 20 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75.7 | 73.6 | 72.7 | 72.0 | 69.7 | 67.7 | 61.9 | 61.5 | 65.4 | 71.5 | 74.4 | 75.1 | 70.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 68.6 | 85.1 | 133.3 | 174.9 | 239.2 | 273.2 | 308.1 | 280.6 | 216.2 | 145.1 | 89.3 | 63.2 | 2,076.8 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[35] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (humidity and sun 1981–2010)[36] | |||||||||||||
Natural resources
Significant natural resources in Ukraine include: iron ore, manganese, natural gas,[37] titanium, kaolin, uranium, and arable land.[5][38]
Environmental issues
Ukraine has many environmental issues.[39][40] Some regions lack adequate supplies of potable water.[41] Air and water pollution affects the country, as well as deforestation, and radiation contamination in the northeast stemming from the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.[42]
See also
References
Notes
External links
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