Elaine is a given name, a variant of Elaina, Elayne and Helen. It may refer to:
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- Elaine Brown (born 1943), American singer, writer, and former Black Panther Party chairwoman
- Elaine Crombie, Australian actress
- Elaine Fifield (1930–1999), Australian ballerina
- Elaine Fine (born 1959), American musician and composer
- Elaine Goble (born 1956), Canadian visual artist
- Elaine M. Goodwin, British mosaic artist
- Elaine Hamilton-O'Neal (1920–2010), American artist
- Elaine Hendrix (born 1970), American actress
- Elaine May (born 1932), American film director, screenwriter and actress
- Elaine Mukheli (born 1999), South African singer
- Elaine Murphy (playwright), Irish playwright
- Elaine Paige (born 1948), English actress and singer
- Elaine Stritch (1925–2014), American actress
- Elaine Yiu (born 1980), Hong Kong actress
- Elaine Brody (1922–2014), American gerontologist and sociologist
- Elaine Brown (born 1940), involved with a dispute with the US government
- Elaine Campione, Canadian woman who murdered her two children
- Elaine Chan, Hong Kong Olympic swimmer
- Elaine Chao (born 1953), United States Secretary of Labor
- Elaine Cheris (born 1946), American Olympic fencer
- Elaine Denniston (born 1939), lawyer, supported the Apollo program
- Elaine Esposito (1934–1978), American who had held the record for longest coma
- Elaine Gumbs-Vlaun (born 1944), St Maartener social worker and politician
- Elaine Iljon Foreman (born 1955), clinical psychologist and CBT specialist who has written several books
- Elaine Ingham, American microbiologist and soil biology researcher
- Elaine Luria (born 1975), American politician
- Elaine E Moura (born 1982), Brazilian football (soccer) player
- Elaine Marshall, American politician
- Elaine McCoy, Canadian politician
- Elaine Murray (born 1954), British politician
- Elaine Murphy, Baroness Murphy, British politician
- Elaine Nolan (born 1981), Irish cricketer
- Elaine Ron (1943–2010), American epidemiologist
- Elaine Thompson-Herah (born 1992), Jamaican sprinter
- Elaine, the Holy Maiden of the Fountain of Youth in the anime The Seven Deadly Sins
- Elaine (legend), several Arthurian-legend characters, including:
- Elaine Belloc, a character in the Lucifer comic series
- Elaine Benes, Seinfeld character
- Elaine Jarvis, EastEnders character
- Elaine Lefkowitz-Dallas, a character on the TV sitcom Soap
- Elaine Marley, Monkey Island character
- Elaine Miller, character in Almost Famous
- Elaine Nardo, Taxi character
- Elaine Peacock, EastEnders character
- Elaine Pownall, recurring character of the 2018–2019 show Siren
- Elaine Robinson, character in The Graduate
- Elain Archeron, character from the A Court of Thorns and Roses fantasy series by Sarah J. Maas