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Position in the Catholic Church From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The dean of the College of Cardinals (Latin: Decanus Collegii Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalium) presides over the College of Cardinals in the Catholic Church, serving as primus inter pares (first among equals). The position was established in the 12th century.[citation needed] He always holds the rank of a cardinal bishop, and is assisted by a vice-dean. Both are elected by and from the cardinal bishops who are not Eastern Catholic patriarchs, with their election subject to papal confirmation. Except for presiding over the college, the dean and vice-dean have no power over the other cardinals. In the order of precedence in the Catholic Church, the dean and vice-dean, as the two most senior cardinals, are placed second and third, respectively, after the pope.
For centuries, the cardinal bishop who had been a bishop of a suburbicarian see the longest was the dean. This custom became a requirement with the canon law of 1917.[1][2][a] On 26 February 1965, Pope Paul VI empowered the cardinal bishops to elect the dean from among their number.[3][b] Both the dean and subdean must reside in Rome.[1]
Until December 2019, the dean held the position until death or resignation; there was no mandatory age of retirement.[4] Then, upon accepting Cardinal Angelo Sodano's resignation as dean of the College of Cardinals, Pope Francis established that the dean would henceforth serve a five-year term that may be renewed once.[5][6] In anticipation of the election of a new dean, Francis said: "I am hoping they will elect someone who can carry this important responsibility full time."[7]
The dean summons the conclave for the purposes of electing a new pope following a death or resignation. The Dean presides over the daily meetings of the College of Cardinals in advance of the conclave and then presides over the conclave if his age does not prohibit his participation. The dean also has the responsibility of communicating the "news of the Pope's death to the Diplomatic Corps accredited to the Holy See and to the Heads of the respective Nations".[8] He is the public face of the Holy See until a new pope is elected. If he participates in the conclave, the dean asks the pope-elect if he accepts the election, and then asks the new pope what name he wishes to use. If the dean himself is elected pope, the aforementioned tasks are assumed by the sub-dean of the College of Cardinals. If the newly elected pope is not already a bishop, the dean ordains him a bishop.[9]
The dean has "the title of the diocese of Ostia, together with that of any other church to which he already has a title,"[10] such as his suburbicarian diocese. This has been the case since 1914, by decree of Pope Pius X—previous deans had given up their suburbicarian see and taken the joint title of Ostia and Velletri, which were separated in that same 1914 decree.[11]
Nine Deans have been elected pope:[12]
 | This list needs additional citations for verification. (September 2014) |
The following is the list of deans of the Sacred College of Cardinals, separated into three groups to account for the Western Schism, which ended after the Council of Constance. The earliest attested reference to the "College of Cardinals" is at the Council of Reims in 1148.[13]
Each name in the following list includes years of birth and death, then comma-separated years of cardinalate and deanship.
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The obedience of Rome (1378–1415)
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The obedience of Avignon (1378–1429)
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The obedience of Pisa (1409–1415)
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| Image | Name of Incumbent | Life dates | Cardinalate | Deanship | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth | Death and age | |||||
 | Joseph Ratzinger | 16 April 1927 | 31 December 2022 (aged 95) | 27 June 1977 by Pope Paul VI | 30 November 2002–16 April 2005 (2 years, 147 days) | Elected Pope Benedict XVI in 2005, Resigned on 28 February 2013 |
.jpg) | Angelo Sodano | 23 November 1927 | 27 May 2022 (aged 94) | 28 June 1991 by Pope John Paul II | 30 April 2005–21 December 2019 (14 years, 235 days) | retired in 2019 |
| Giovanni Battista Re | 30 January 1934 | 21 February 2001 by Pope John Paul II | 18 January 2020–present (5 years, 10 days) | elected to a five-year term, renewable once | |
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