Đại Việt
Vietnamese monarchy (10th–19th century) / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Đại Việt (大越, IPA: [ɗâjˀ vìət]; literally Great Việt), was a Vietnamese monarchy in eastern Mainland Southeast Asia from the 10th century AD to the early 19th century, centered around the region of present-day Hanoi, Northern Vietnam. Its early name, Đại Cồ Việt,[note 1] was established in 968 by Vietnamese ruler Đinh Bộ Lĩnh after he ended the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords, until the beginning of the reign of Lý Thánh Tông (r. 1054–1072), the third emperor of the Lý dynasty. Đại Việt lasted until the reign of Gia Long (r. 1802–1820), the first emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, when the name was changed to Việt Nam in 1804. Under rule of bilateral diplomacy with Imperial China, it was known as Principality of Giao Chỉ (Chinese: Jiaozhi, chữ Hán: 交趾) from (975-1164) and Kingdom of Annam (Chinese: Annan, chữ Hán: 安南) from (1164-1804) when Emperor Xiaozong of Song upgraded Đại Việt's status from Principality to Kingdom . [6][7]
Đại Cồ Việt (968–1054) Đại Việt (1054–1804) Đại Cồ Việt Quốc (大瞿越國) Đại Việt Quốc (大越國) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
968–1400 1428–1804 | |||||||||
Capital | Hoa Lư (968–1010) (Thăng Long/ Đông Kinh) (1010–1398, 1428–1789) Tây Đô (1398-1407) Phú Xuân (1789–1804) | ||||||||
Official languages | Vietnamese Văn ngôn (official script since 1174)[1] | ||||||||
Common languages | Viet–Muong (Northern Vietic) languages Kra–Dai languages Other Southeast Asian Languages | ||||||||
Religion | Buddhism (State religion from 968 to 1400) Confucianism Taoism Đạo Lương Hinduism Islam Catholicism | ||||||||
Government | Absolute monarchy (968–1533, 1788–1804) Monarchic feudal military dictatorship (1533–1788) | ||||||||
Emperor | |||||||||
• 968–980 (first) | Đinh Bộ Lĩnh | ||||||||
• 1802–1804 (last) | Gia Long | ||||||||
Military dictators | |||||||||
• 1533–1545 (first) | Nguyễn Kim | ||||||||
• 1545–1786 | Trịnh lords | ||||||||
• 1786–1788 (last) | Nguyễn Huệ | ||||||||
Historical era | Postclassical era to Late modern period | ||||||||
• End of Third Chinese domination of Vietnam | 905 | ||||||||
• Established.[2] | 968 | ||||||||
• Lý Thánh Tông shortened his empire's name from Đại Cồ Việt to Đại Việt | 1054 | ||||||||
1400–1407 | |||||||||
1407–1427 | |||||||||
• Lê Thánh Tông's reign and expansions | 1460–1497 | ||||||||
16th century–1802 | |||||||||
1804 | |||||||||
Population | |||||||||
• 1200 | 1,200,000[4] | ||||||||
• 1400 | 1,600,000[5] | ||||||||
• 1539 | 5,625,000[5] | ||||||||
Currency | Vietnamese văn, banknote | ||||||||
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Today part of |
Đại Việt's history is divided into the rule of eight dynasties: Đinh (968–980), Early Lê (980–1009), Lý (1009–1226), Trần (1226–1400), Hồ (1400–1407), and Later Lê (1428–1789); the Mạc dynasty (1527–1677); and the brief Tây Sơn dynasty (1778–1802). It was briefly interrupted by the Hồ dynasty (1400–1407), who changed the country's name briefly to Đại Ngu,[note 2] and the Fourth Era of Northern Domination (1407–1427), when the region was administered as Jiaozhi by the Ming dynasty.[8]: 181 Đại Việt's history was also be divided into two periods: the unified state, which lasted from the 960s to 1533, and the fragmented state, which lasted from 1533 to 1802, when there were more than one dynasty and several noble clans simultaneously ruling from their own domains. From the 13th to the 18th century, Đại Việt's borders expanded to encompass territory that resembled modern-day Vietnam, which lies along the South China Sea from the Gulf of Tonkin to the Gulf of Thailand.
Early Đại Việt emerged in the 960s as a hereditary monarchy with Mahayana Buddhism as its state religion and lasted for six centuries. From the 16th century on, Đại Việt gradually weakened and decentralized into multiple sub-kingdoms and domains, ruled by either the Lê, Mạc, Trịnh, or Nguyễn families simultaneously. It was briefly unified by the Tây Sơn brothers in 1786, who divided among themselves in 1787. After Lê-Mạc war, followed by Trịnh-Nguyễn War and Tây Sơn wars that ended with final Nguyễn's victory and the destruction of the Tây Sơn dynasty, Đại Việt was reunified, ending 262 years of fragmentation with the founding of Nguyễn dynasty in 1802. From 968 to 1804, Đại Việt flourished and acquired significant power in the region. The state slowly annexed Champa and Cambodia's territories, expanding Vietnamese territories to the south and west. The state of Đại Việt was the primary precursor to the country of Vietnam and the basis for its national historic and cultural identity.