Dopamine receptor D3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DRD3 gene.[5][6]
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This gene encodes the D3 subtype of the dopamine receptor. The D3 subtype inhibits adenylyl cyclase through inhibitory G-proteins. This receptor is expressed in phylogenetically older regions of the brain, suggesting that this receptor plays a role in cognitive and emotional functions.[citation needed] It is a target for drugs which treat schizophrenia, drug addiction, and Parkinson's disease.[7] Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants that would encode different isoforms, although some variants may be subject to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD).[6]
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation via Lewy bodies inclusion, a pathogenic signature exclusively present in PD patients, is decreased by D3 agonists while DA content is elevated by inhibiting DA reuptake and breakdown. The regulation of α-Syn aggregation and clearance enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) secretion, which ultimately ameliorates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress while promoting neurogenesis and interacting with other DA receptors.[8][9]
D3 agonists like 7-OH-DPAT, pramipexole, and rotigotine, among others, display antidepressant effects in rodent models of depression.[10][11] Apomorphine has the ability to help PD patients with their cognition awareness.[12] In addition to having antidepressant properties such as regulating the depression-like behaviors and depression development, pramipexole has the capability to prevent and slow down cell apoptosis as well as to restore damaged neural networks and connections while rotigotine help PD patients to attenuates hyperpyrexia syndrome and schizophrenia.[13][14]
D3 agonists have been shown to disrupt prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI), a cross-species measure that recapitulates deficits in sensorimotor gating in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.[15][16][17] In contrast, D3-preferring antagonists have antipsychotic-like profiles in measures of PPI in rats.[18]
Agonists
- trans-N-{4-[4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]cyclohexyl}-3-methoxybenzamide, full agonist, > 200-fold binding selectivity over D4, D2, 5-HT1A, and α1-receptors[19]
- (-)-7-{[2-(4-Phenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl]propylamino}-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol[20]
- 5-OH-DPAT
- 7-OH-DPAT
- Pergolide[21]
- 8-OH-PBZI (cis-8-Hydroxy-3-(n-propyl)-1,2,3a,4,5,9b-hexahydro-1H-benz[e]indole)
- Apomorphine (non-selective dopamine agonist)
- Bromocriptine (non-selective dopamine agonist)
- Captodiame
- Aripiprazole (non-selective full agonist)
- CJ-1639[22]
- compound R,R-16: 250x binding selectivity over D2[23]
- Dopamine (endogenous agonist)
- ES609
- FAUC 54
- FAUC 73
- PD-128,907
- PF-219,061 (extremely selective) [24]
- PF-592,379[25]
- Piribedil[26] (non-selective dopamine agonist)
- Pramipexole (non-selective dopamine agonist)
- Quinelorane (also D2 agonist)
- Quinpirole (also D2 agonist)
- Ropinirole (non-selective dopamine agonist)
- Rotigotine (non-selective dopamine agonist)
Antagonists
- Most Antipsychotics
- Amisulpride (non-selective)
- Buspirone
- Cyproheptadine (non-selective)
- PG 01037 [31][32]
- Domperidone (peripheral D2 and D3 antagonist)
- FAUC 365, silent antagonist, subtype selective[30]
- GR-103,691
- GSK-598809 (highly selective)
- Haloperidol (non-selective, blocks all dopamine receptor subtypes, though D3 with the strongest affinity)
- N-(4-(4-(2,3-Dichloro- or 2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)heterobiarylcarboxamides[33]
- Mesdopetam
- Nafadotride
- NGB-2904[34]
- PNU-99,194 (moderately selective over D2)
- Raclopride (also D2 antagonist)
- S-14,297 (selective)
- S33084
- SB-277011-A, selective D3 antagonist, 80x selectivity over D2 with no partial agonist effects, used in drug addiction research as a potential therapy for addiction to several different drugs
- SR 21502 (highly selective)
- Sulpiride (also D2 antagonist)
- U99194
- YQA14 (high affinity and selectivity)
- Risperidone
Dopamine receptor D3 has been shown to interact with CLIC6[35] and EPB41L1.[36]
DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism(rs6280), which is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with variant base C/T is linked to variation in PD such as depression severity, impulse control disorders, behavioral addiction and aberrant decision-making.[37][38][39][40]
Le Coniat M, Sokoloff P, Hillion J, Martres MP, Giros B, Pilon C, et al. (September 1991). "Chromosomal localization of the human D3 dopamine receptor gene". Human Genetics. 87 (5): 618–620. doi:10.1007/bf00209024. PMID 1916765. S2CID 28411786.
Joyce JN, Millan MJ (February 2007). "Dopamine D3 receptor agonists for protection and repair in Parkinson's disease". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 7 (1): 100–105. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2006.11.004. PMID 17174156.
Favier M, Carcenac C, Savasta M, Carnicella S (2022). "Dopamine D3 Receptors: A Potential Target to Treat Motivational Deficits in Parkinson's Disease". Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Vol. 60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 109–132. doi:10.1007/7854_2022_316. ISBN 978-3-031-23057-8. PMID 35469394.
Breuer ME, Groenink L, Oosting RS, Buerger E, Korte M, Ferger B, Olivier B (August 2009). "Antidepressant effects of pramipexole, a dopamine D3/D2 receptor agonist, and 7-OH-DPAT, a dopamine D3 receptor agonist, in olfactory bulbectomized rats". European Journal of Pharmacology. 616 (1–3): 134–140. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.029. PMID 19549514.
Bertaina-Anglade V, La Rochelle CD, Scheller DK (October 2006). "Antidepressant properties of rotigotine in experimental models of depression". European Journal of Pharmacology. 548 (1–3): 106–114. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.07.022. PMID 16959244.
Biswas S, Zhang S, Fernandez F, Ghosh B, Zhen J, Kuzhikandathil E, et al. (January 2008). "Further structure-activity relationships study of hybrid 7-{[2-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl]propylamino}-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol analogues: identification of a high-affinity D3-preferring agonist with potent in vivo activity with long duration of action". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 51 (1): 101–117. doi:10.1021/jm070860r. PMID 18072730.
Perachon S, Schwartz JC, Sokoloff P (February 1999). "Functional potencies of new antiparkinsonian drugs at recombinant human dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptors". European Journal of Pharmacology. 366 (2–3): 293–300. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00896-6. PMID 10082211.
Peglion JL, Poitevin C, Mannoury La Cour C, Dupuis D, Millan MJ (April 2009). "Modulations of the amide function of the preferential dopamine D3 agonist (R,R)-S32504: improvements of affinity and selectivity for D3 versus D2 receptors". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 19 (8): 2133–2138. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.015. PMID 19324548.
Blagg J, Allerton CM, Batchelor DV, Baxter AD, Burring DJ, Carr CL, et al. (December 2007). "Design and synthesis of a functionally selective D3 agonist and its in vivo delivery via the intranasal route". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 17 (24): 6691–6696. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.059. PMID 17976986.
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Dörfler M, Tschammer N, Hamperl K, Hübner H, Gmeiner P (November 2008). "Novel D3 selective dopaminergics incorporating enyne units as nonaromatic catechol bioisosteres: synthesis, bioactivity, and mutagenesis studies". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 51 (21): 6829–6838. doi:10.1021/jm800895v. PMID 18834111.
Bettinetti L, Schlotter K, Hübner H, Gmeiner P (October 2002). "Interactive SAR studies: rational discovery of super-potent and highly selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonists and partial agonists". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 45 (21): 4594–4597. doi:10.1021/jm025558r. PMID 12361386.
{{cite journal | vauthors = Grundt P, Carlson EE, Cao J, Bennett CJ, McElveen E, Taylor M, Luedtke RR, Newman AH | display-authors = 6 | title = Novel heterocyclic trans olefin analogues of N-{4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl}arylcarboxamides as selective probes with high affinity for the dopamine D3 receptor | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 48 | issue = 3 | pages = 839–848 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15689168 | doi = 10.1021/jm049465g }}
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Krishnamoorthy S, Rajan R, Banerjee M, Kumar H, Sarma G, Krishnan S, et al. (September 2016). "Dopamine D3 receptor Ser9Gly variant is associated with impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease patients". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 30: 13–17. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.06.005. PMID 27325396.
Castro-Martínez XH, García-Ruiz PJ, Martínez-García C, Martínez-Castrillo JC, Vela L, Mata M, et al. (April 2018). "Behavioral addictions in early-onset Parkinson disease are associated with DRD3 variants". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 49: 100–103. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.01.010. PMID 29361389.
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This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.