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Croatian–Venetian wars
Series of medieval conflicts between the City-state of Venice and the Principality of Croatia / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Croatian–Venetian wars were a series of periodical, punctuated medieval conflicts and naval campaigns waged for control of the northeastern coast of the Adriatic Sea between the city-state (later the Republic) of Venice and the Principality of Croatia (later turned to the Kingdom of Croatia, as well as the Kingdom of Croatia in personal union with Hungary), at times allied with neighbouring territories – the Principality of the Narentines and Zahumlje in the south and Istrian peninsula (then partially ruled by the German feudal families) in the north. First struggles occurred at the very beginning of the existence of two conflict parties (7th and 8th century), they intensified in the 9th century, lessened during the 10th century, but intensified again since the beginning of the 11th century.
Croatian–Venetian wars | |||||||||
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![]() Commemorative plaque of a Croatian–Venetian battle at Makarska | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
7th c. – 10th c.:![]() Narentines 10th c. – 1102: ![]() 1102 – 1413: ![]() ![]() |
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Duke Mislav Prince Družak (Drosaico) Duke Trpimir Duke Domagoj Duke Branimir ![]() ![]() Prince Berigoj (Berigui) ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Doges of Venice![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
From the year 1000 Venetian forces managed to subjugate a lot of coastal towns of the Byzantine Theme of Dalmatia, which was ceded from the Byzantine Emperor to the Croatian King. From the 1030s however, after the fall of Doge Otto Orseolo, Croatian kings Stephen I and his son Peter Krešimir IV succeeded in taking almost the whole coast back, so the latter carried the title King od Croatia and Dalmatia. Since 1085, following the agreement between Venice and Byzantine Empire, Venetians subsequently conquered the significant part of the Croatian coastline.
During the 12th century, after Croatia entered a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary, Croato-Hungarian kings Coloman and Béla II managed to return a considerable territory of Dalmatia and Croatian Littoral to their kingdom, but occasional conflicts almost never ceased. Since that Croatian–Venetian wars were technically theaters of the more wider Hungarian–Venetian Wars. When Louis the Great, the new young king (ruled 1342–1382), decided to expel Venetians from his country, he launched a large campaign in 1356–1358 and forced them to withdraw from Dalmatia. Zadar Peace Treaty was signed on 18 February 1358 and the whole coast from eastern Istria to southern Dalmatia was set free.
In 1409 the Republic of Venice used the opportunity of the dynastic struggle that occurred and bought Dalmatia for 100,000 ducats from the Croatian anti-king Ladislaus of Naples, establishing Venetian Dalmatia. The Venetian victory at the battle of Motta confirmed this acquisition. Croatian Littoral and eastern Istria remained parts of Croatia, where Croats, together with their allies, rejected Venetian efforts to subject them and fought against Venetians in conflicts like War of the Holy League and Uskok War. Thus a couple of decades after the purchase of Dalmatia by Venice, the Croatian–Venetian Wars became part of larger conflicts of the world's Great powers and were turned into the Ottoman–Venetian wars and Habsburg–Venetian wars.