Tetrao

"Capercaillie" redirects here. For other uses, see Capercaillie (disambiguation).

Tetrao is a genus of birds in the grouse subfamily known as capercaillies. They are some of the largest living grouse. Feathers from the bird were used to create the characteristic hat of the bersaglieri, an Italian ace infantry formation.

Tetrao Temporal range: Early Pliocene to recent
Western capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Galliformes
Family:	Phasianidae
Tribe:	Tetraonini
Genus:	Tetrao Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Tetrao urogallus Linnaeus, 1758
Species
Tetrao urogalloides Tetrao urogallus

Taxonomy

The genus Tetrao was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.^[1] The genus name is the Latin word for a game bird, probably a black grouse.^[2] The black grouse was included by Linnaeus in the genus Tetrao but is now placed in the genus Lyrurus.^[1][3] The type species was designated as the western capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) by George Robert Gray in 1840.^[4][5]

Species

The genus contains two species:^[3]

Genus Tetrao – Linnaeus, 1758 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Western capercaillie Male Female	Tetrao urogallus Linnaeus, 1758 Eight subspecies T. u. cantabricus (Castroviejo, 1967) T. u. aquitanicus (Ingram, 1915) T. u. crassirostris (C.L. Brehm, 1831) T. u. rudolfi (Dombrowski, 1912) T. u. urogallus (Linnaeus, 1758) T. u. karelicus (Lönnberg, 1924) T. u. lonnbergi (Snigirevski, 1957) T. u. pleskei (Stegmann, 1926) T. u. obsoletus (Snigerewski, 1937) T. u. volgensis (Buturlin, 1907) T. u. uralensis (Nazarov, 1886) T. u. taczanowskii (Stejneger, 1885)	Europe to western Russia	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Black-billed capercaillie	Tetrao urogalloides Middendorff, 1853 Two subspecies T. u. kamtschaticus (Kittlitz, 1858) T. u. urogalloides (nominate) (Middendorff, 1853)	eastern Russia as well as parts of northern Mongolia and China	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC

The fossil record of this genus is extensive:

• †Tetrao conjugens (Early Pliocene of C Europe)
• †Tetrao rhodopensis (Early Pliocene of Dorkovo, Bulgaria)
• †Tetrao partium (Early Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of SE Europe)
• †Tetrao macropus (Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Hungary)
• †Tetrao praeurogallus (Early - Middle Pleistocene of E Europe)

References

1. Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 159.
2. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 383. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
3. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
4. Gray, George Robert (1840). A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 62.
5. Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 24.