Canadian Pacific Hotels

Canadian Pacific Hotels (CPH) was a division of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) that primarily operated hotels across Canada, since passenger revenue made a significant contribution to early railway profitability. CPR restructured the division as a subsidiary in 1963. In 1988, CPR purchased the Canadian National Hotels chain, making Canadian Pacific Hotels and Resorts the nation's largest hotel owner. In 1998, all CPH properties were branded as either Fairmont or Delta.

In 2006, Kingdom Hotels International and Colony Capital purchased Fairmont, consolidating their hotel brands to form Fairmont Raffles Hotels International (FRHI), which in turn became a subsidiary of AccorHotels in 2016. In 2007, BC Investment Management Corp. bought Delta Hotels, which was purchased by Marriott International in 2015.

Empress Hotel, Victoria BC, 2013

Château Frontenac, Quebec City QC, 2009

Early hotels

Place Viger Hotel & station, Montreal, c.1900

Since passenger revenue made a significant contribution to railway profitability,^[1] facilities, such as hotels, were essential for attracting passenger traffic. The three earliest locations (Mount Stephen House, Glacier House and North Bend) were initially only dining stops, necessary because steep railway grades made hauling a dining car uneconomical.^[2] Thomas Sorby's design for these three hotels was inspired by Swiss Chalets.^[3]

Former CP hotel, Balfour BC, 1918

Hotels were established mainly at locations that connected with other passenger rail or ferry routes, but some rural locations, especially in the Canadian Rockies/Selkirk Mountains, became tourist destinations in their own right. After the success of the original Banff Springs Hotel, described as a "Tudor chalet in wood",^[4] CPR lobbied the government to create Banff National Park, the first in Canada.^[5] Indisputably, national parks protected CPH's commercial interests in such localities.^[6] The opportunity to participate in mountaineering excursions, led by professional Swiss guides, featured in CPH's promotion of the respective accommodation.^[7] Scenic images, often including a hotel, illustrated the CPH publicity brochures.^[8]

Urban and township land sales financed the construction of the early hotels.^[9] In the late-19th to early-20th century, CPH commonly adopted a châteauesque architectural style for building, or enlarging, significant hotels.^[10] The earliest example was Château Frontenac.^[11] Notable features included steeply pitched copper roofs, blue-green from oxidation, ornate gables, dormer windows, and an irregular placement of towers and turrets.^[12]

The visual appeal of this design prompted other railway companies to imitate it.^[13] CPR, or its later competitors, Canadian Northern Railway and Grand Trunk Pacific Railway that became Canadian National Railway (CN), built grandiose railway hotels in every major Canadian city.^[14] However, CPR quickly reverted to a simpler style of a flat roof and limited ornamental features when designing most city hotels.^[13]

With growing automobile traffic, and tourists seeking cheaper accommodation, CPH retained only the more profitable urban and destination hotels. The resort hotels opened in summer only.^[15] Year round opening began in 1969 for Banff Springs Hotel,^[16] and in 1974 for Chateau Lake Louise.^[17]

CPR restructured the division as a subsidiary in 1963.^[18]

Bungalow camps & tea houses

French River Bungalow Camp, ON, c.1945

Each bungalow camp, comprising a group of cabins with a communal lodge, was in a relatively remote forest area, reached by hiking or horseback. Although initially catering to an elite, mainly American, tourist, they ultimately attracted a broader audience. The log cabin at Lake Louise (1891–1893) was perhaps a forerunner to this concept.^[19] The subsequent adoption of the log design not only created a pioneer appearance, but also provided the necessary insulation for a cold mountainous region.^[20] CN copied the concept at Jasper Park Lodge.^[21] Despite the rustic cabin exteriors, the interiors contained the modern comforts of the period.^[22] Presented as more adventurous than a hotel stay, it was scarcely roughing it.^[23] Although primarily in the west, Ontario also had three camps.

The CPH rest structures and teahouses, at scenic locations along nearby trails, similarly adopted a rustic design. Teahouses existed at Summit Lake, Twin Falls, Natural Bridge, Lake Agnes and the Plain of Six Glaciers, the latter two still operating. Most rest houses were one-storey cabins at lower elevations.^[24]

CPH initially encouraged automobile travel by building camps along the Banff-Windermere Highway, which opened in 1923.^[23] In the 1930s, the term "bungalow" disappeared from the Canadian lexicon. When automobile vacationers switched to inexpensive campgrounds at this time, CPH disposed of the least profitable bungalow camps, followed by the remainder in the 1950s.^[25]

Later hotels

After a 24-year break in building or acquiring properties, CPH constructed a series of hotels and motels during 1955–1999. The larger ones mostly adopted the "Chateau" prefix. Several international properties were operated, before exiting that market.

Chains acquired

Jasper Park Lodge on Lac Beauvert, Jasper AB, 2005

In 1988, CPR purchased the Canadian National Hotels chain, making Canadian Pacific Hotels and Resorts the nation's largest hotel owner.^[26] In 1998, CPR purchased the Canadian Delta Hotels chain^[27] and the international Princess Hotels chain.^[28] The following year, San Francisco-based Fairmont Hotels and Resorts chain was acquired. Minority shareholders were Kingdom Hotels (USA) Ltd. and Maritz Wolff & Co, each holding a 16.5 per cent interest. All CPH properties were branded as either Fairmont or Delta. In 2001, CPH was renamed Fairmont Hotels and Resorts.^[29] Later that year, Canadian Pacific Limited spun off all of its subsidiaries into separately traded companies, which included Fairmont Hotels and Resorts.^[30]

In 2006, Kingdom Hotels International and Colony Capital, which also owned the Raffles and Swissôtel chains, bought Fairmont.^[31] The following year, BC Investment Management Corp. bought Delta Hotels.^[32] In 2015, AccorHotels acquired a controlling interest in FRHI, adding the Fairmont, Raffles, and Swissôtel chains to its Luxury Hotel Brands portfolio.^[33] That year Marriott International bought the Delta chain.^[34]

Canadian portfolio

Once under CP brand

Bungalow camps

Name	Opened[35]	Locality		Disposals/Redevelopment
Emerald Lake Bungalow	1901	Emerald Lake	BC	1959[25] beginning of several lessee changes;[36] 1979 Pat & Connie O'Connor acquired.[37] Fairmont appears to still hold crown lease.[38]
Moraine Lake Bungalow	1913	Moraine Lake	AB	1930s sold.
Lake O'Hara Bungalow	1920	Lake O'Hara	BC	1954 Brewster-Ford Mountain Lodges;[39] lodge still operates;[40] Fairmont appears to still hold crown lease.[41]
Lake Windermere Bnglw.	1920	Lk. Windermere	BC	1929 sublease for girls' camp.[42] Subdivided and sold for residential properties in 1965.[43] Lodge building relocated in 2010 and is now an events space.[43]
Wapta Lake Bungalow	1921	Wapta Lake	BC	1954 subleased;[25]
Storm (Castle) Mtn. Bnglw.	1922	Storm Mountain	BC	1930s subleased;[25] Storm Mountain Lodge.[44]
Yoho Valley Bungalow	1922	Yoho Nat. Park	BC	1954 subleased;[25] The Whiskey Jack Hostel is the only surviving building.[45]
Radium (Sinclair) Hot Springs Bungalow	1923	Radium	BC	1948 subleased to Addison;[46] 2001 Addison's Bungalow Camp relocated.[47]
Vermilion River Bungalow	1923	Vermilion River	BC	1929 closed; 1932 subleased to Victor H. Lord, who revived it;[48] now known as Kootenay Park Lodge; several subsequent sublessees.[49]
Devil's Gap Bungalow	1923	Kenora	ON	1961 sold to Austin H. Ford;[50] 2008 abandoned; 2019 partially destroyed by fire.[51]
Nipigon River Bungalow	1923	Nipigon	ON	1935 sold to Don Gapen, who ran as Chalet Lodge for several decades; 2018 Red Rock First Nation, refurbished and reopened.[52][53]
French River Bungalow	1923	French River	ON	1945 sold to Clarence Honey; 1965 beginning of several ownership changes; 1988–92 major renovations followed by 3 owners; now French River Lodge.[54][55]

Hotels

Name	Opened	Locality		From chain/owner			CP Hotels	1999 rename[29]	Disposals/Redevelopment
Grand Hotel	c.1875	Caledonia Springs	ON	1905	unknown		Grand Hotel		1915 closed; 1920 demolished.[56]
Mount Stephen House	1886 1902 (extn)	Field	BC		N/A		Mount Stephen House		1918 YMCA hostel;[57] 1954 largely demolished; 1963 remainder demolished.[58]
Glacier House	1887 multi (extn)	Glacier	BC		N/A		Glacier House		1925 closed; 1929 demolished.
Fraser Canyon House [59]	1887 (1st) 1928 (2nd)	North Bend	BC		N/A		N. Bend Hotel		1927 fire destroyed; 1929 rebuilt;[60] 1941 closed;[61] 1978 demolish.[59]
Hotel Vancouver (1st)	1888[62]	Vancouver	BC		N/A		Hotel Vancouver		1915 demolished after main section of new hotel completed.[63]
Banff Springs Hotel	1888 (1st) 1914 (extn) 1928 (extn)	Banff	AB		N/A		Banff Springs Hotel	The Fairmont Banff Springs[64]	1926 fire destroyed wooden 1888 building, leaving only 1914 concrete wing.[65]
The Algonquin Resort	1889 (1st) multi (extn) 1914 (2nd) multi (extn)	St. Andrews	NB	1905	St. Andrews Land Co.	[66]	The Algonquin Resort	The Fairmont Algonquin.	1914 fire destroyed 1889 building; 2012 sold; 2013 Marriott Autograph Collection.[67]
Cornwallis Hotel[68]	1892 (1st) 1930 (2nd)	Kentville	NS	1911	Dominion Atlantic acquired		Cornwallis Inn		1963 Franklin brothers; 1976 closed; Don Wallace appt/off. conversion.[69]
Château Frontenac	1893 1924 (extn)	Quebec City	QC		N/A		Château Frontenac	Fairmont Le Château Frontenac.[70]
Chateau Lake Louise	1894 (1st) multi (extn) 1912 (extn) multi (extn)	Banff	AB		N/A		Chateau Lake Louise	Fairmont Chateau Lake Louise.[71]	1924 fire destroyed wooden building, leaving only 1912 concrete wing.[72]
Hotel Revelstoke	1897[73]	Revelstoke	BC		N/A		Hotel Revelstoke		1927 closed, 1928 dismantled.[73][74]
Place Viger Hotel/Stn.	1898	Montreal	QC		N/A		Place Viger Hotel/Stn.		1935 closed & disused; 2020 under redevelopment.[75]
Manoir Richelieu	1899 (1st) 1929 (2nd)	La Malbaie	QC	1998	Ray Malenfant		Manoir Richelieu	Fairmont Le Manoir Richelieu.[76]	1928 fire destroyed 1899 building.
Hotel Sicamous	1900[66]	Sicamous	BC		N/A		Hotel Sicamous		1932 leased out; 1956 closed;[77] 1964 demolished.[73]
private residence	c.1900	St. Andrews	NB	1907	Henry Osburn	[78]	The Inn[79]		1919 land swap with town;[78] 1937 destroyed.[80]
Station Hotel[79]	1901	McAdam	NB		N/A		McAdam Hotel/Stn.		1959 closed;[81] now museum.
The Pines, Digby	1903 (1st) 1929 (2nd)	Digby	NS	1917	Harry B. Churchill		The Pines, Digby		1928 closed 1903 building; 1965 Nova Scotia government property; 2001 NS Signature property.[82][83]
Royal Alexandra Hotel	1906[66]	Winnipeg	MB		N/A		Royal Alexandra		1967 closed; 1971 demolished.[84]
The Empress (hotel)	1908 multi (extn)	Victoria	BC		N/A		The Empress	The Fairmont Empress.[85]
Kootenay Lake Hotel	1911[73]	Balfour	BC		N/A		Kootenay Lake Hotel		c.1915 closed; 1917 sanitorium; 1929 destroyed.[73]
Château Laurier	1912 multi (extn)	Ottawa	ON	1988	Canadian National		Château Laurier	Fairmont Chât. Laurier.[86]
Cameron Lake Chalet/Station	1912[73]	Cameron Lake	BC		N/A		Cameron Lake Chalet		1966 closed;[87] 1970 demolished.[88]
Incola Hotel (or) Hotel Incola	1912[73]	Penticton	BC		N/A		Incola Hotel (or) Hotel Incola		1942 leased to local syndicate;[89] 1950 sold to Hencott Houses;[90] 1959 sold to Jack C. Young;[91] 1966–1975 multiple owners;[92] 1979 closed; 1981 demolished.[73]
Palliser Hotel	1914 1929 (extn)	Calgary	AB		N/A		Palliser Hotel	The Fairmont Palliser.[93]
Hotel Macdonald	1915 1953 (extn)	Edmonton	AB	1988	Canadian National		Hotel Macdonald	Fairmont Hotel Macdonald.[94]	1983 demolition of 1953 extension.
Hotel Vancouver (2nd)	1916	Vancouver	BC		N/A		Hotel Vancouver		1939 repurposed as World War II barracks; 1946 veteran housing; 1948 vacated; 1949 demolished.
Jasper Park Lodge cabins first; main lodge 1923; more buildings, replace main lodge 1953; more buildings.	1922 1923 (1st) 1953 (2nd)	Jasper	AB	1988	Canadian National		Jasper Park Lodge	Fairmont Jasper Park Lodge.[95]	1952 fire destroyed 1923 lodge.
Newfoundland Hotel	1926 (1st) 1982 (2nd)	St. John's	NL	1988	Canadian National		Hotel Newfoundland	The Fairmont Newfoundland.	2009 Sheraton Newfoundland.[96]
Hotel Saskatchewan	1927	Regina	SK		N/A		Hotel Saskatchewan		1980 onwards various operators; 1993 Radisson property;[97] 2015 Marriott Autograph Collection.[98][99]
Lord Nelson Hotel	1928 multi (extn)	Halifax	NS		N/A		Lord Nelson Hotel		1947 sold to local interests.[100][101]
Royal York Hotel	1929 1959 (extn)	Toronto	ON		N/A		Royal York Hotel	The Fairmont Royal York.[102]
Château Montebello	1930	Montebello	QC		N/A		Château Montebello	Fairmont Le Château Montebello.[103]	1930 leased by Seigniory Club; 1970 CP resumed operation.
Lakeside Inn	1931[104]	Yarmouth	NS		N/A		Lakeside Inn		1960 sold to be nursing home.[105]
Hotel Vancouver (3rd)	1939	Vancouver	BC	1988	Canadian National		Hotel Vancouver	Fairmont Hotel Vancouver.[106]
Timberline Hotel	1955[107]	Banff	AB	1963	Timberline Hotel Ltd.	[108]	Timberline Hotel		1966 terminated lease;[109] 2005 renamed the Juniper Hotel by Decore Hotels.[110][111]
The Queen Elizabeth Hotel	1958	Montreal	QC	1988	Canadian National		Queen Elizabeth Hotel	Fairmont The Queen Elizabeth.[112]
Chateau Lacombe Hotel	1966	Edmonton	AB		N/A		Chateau Lacombe Hotel		1991 Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza; 1995 Crowne Plaza Chateau Lacombe; 2013 independent.
Château Champlain	1967	Montreal	QC		N/A		Château Champlain		1995 Montreal Marriott Château Champlain.[113]
Winnipeg Inn then Westin Hotel Winnipeg	1970[114]	Winnipeg	MB	1998	Westin Hotels		The Lombard	The Fairmont Wpg.[114][115]
Le Baron Hotel	1970[116]	Trois-Rivières	QC		N/A		Le Baron		Choice Hotel Urbania; c.2012 rename Rodeway Inn.[117]
Northstar Inn	1971[118]	Winnipeg	MB		N/A		Northstar Inn		1983 Delta; 1998 Radisson.[119][120]
Red Oak Inn	1972[121]	Brandon	MB		N/A		Red Oak Inn		c.1982 Royal Oak Inn; 1990 Genesis acquired; 2017 Choice Clarion Hotel & Suites.[122][123][124]
Hotel Beauséjour	1972[125]	Moncton	NB	1988	Canadian National		Hotel Beauséjour	Delta[lower-alpha 1] Beauséjour.[126]
Chateau Halifax	1973[127]	Halifax	NS		N/A		Chateau Halifax	Delta[lower-alpha 1] Halifax.	2019 SilverBirch Hotel Halifax[128][129][130]
Red Oak Inn	1974[131]	Thunder Bay	ON		N/A		Red Oak Inn		1993 Victoria Inn Hotel & Convention Centre[122][132]
Red Oak Inn	1974[133]	Peterborough	ON		N/A		Red Oak Inn		1998 Princess Gardens seniors residence.[134][135]
Le Château de l'Aéroport	1977	Mirabel	QC		N/A		Le Château de l'Aéroport		2002 hotel abandoned; 2004 airport abandoned.
Chateau Calgary Airport	1979[136]	Calgary	AB		N/A		Chateau Calgary Apt.	Delta[lower-alpha 1] Calg. Apt In-Terminal.[137]
Prince Edward Hotel	1982[138]	Charlottetown	PE		N/A		Prince Edward Hotel	Delta[lower-alpha 1] Prince Edward.[139]
Sheraton Toronto East	1982[140]	Scarborough	ON	1998	Sheraton[141]			Delta[lower-alpha 1] Toronto E.[140]
L'Hôtel	1984	Downtown Toronto	ON	1988	Canadian National		L'Hôtel		1993 InterContinental Crowne Plaza Toronto Centre; 2003 rename InterContinental Toronto Centre.[142]
Hotel/Lodge Kananaskis	1987[143]	Kananaskis Village	AB		N/A		Hotel/Lodge Kananaskis	Delta[lower-alpha 1] Lodge at Kananaskis.	2015 Marriott Pomeroy Kananaskis Mtn. Lodge.[143][144]
Chateau Whistler	1989[145]	Whistler	BC		N/A		Chateau Whistler	The Fairmont Chateau Whistler.[146]
Skydome Hotel	1989[147]	Downtown Toronto	ON		N/A		Skydome Hotel		1999 Renaissance Toronto Dtn;[148] 2017 rename Toronto Marriott City Centre Hotel.[149]
Waterfront Centre	1991[150]	Vancouver	BC		N/A		Waterfront Centre	The Fairmont Waterfront.[151]
Chateau Mt. Tremblant	1996[152]	Mt-Tremblant	QC		N/A		Chateau Mt. Tremblant	Fairmont Tremblant.[153]
Vancouver Airport Place	1999[154]	Richmond	BC		N/A		Vancouver Airport Place	The Fairmont Vancouver Airport[155]

1. Marriott prefix added to name after 2015 acquisition

Once under Delta brand

(See Delta Hotels)

US/international portfolio

Once under CP brand

Bahamas Balmoral Beach Hotel, Nassau, Bahamas – now Sandals Royal Bahamian Resort Lucayan Harbour Inn and Marina, Freeport, Bahamas, demolished to build Grand Bahama Yacht Club Curaçao Curaçao Plaza, Willemstad – now Plaza Hotel Curaçao Germany Bremen Plaza, Bremen, Germany, leased/operated 1985–1989 – now Swissôtel Bremen. Frankfurt Plaza, Frankfurt, Germany, leased/operated 1976–1989 – now Frankfurt Marriott. Hamburg Plaza, Hamburg, Germany, leased/operated 1973–1988 – now Radisson Blu Hotel Hamburg. Israel Jerusalem Plaza, Jerusalem, operated 1970s–1980s – now Leonardo Plaza Hotel Jerusalem. Tiberias Plaza, Tiberias, operated 1970s–1980s – now Leonardo Plaza Hotel Tiberias. Mexico Continental Hilton, Mexico City, D.F. – rebranded as Château Royal under CP Hotels ownership (1973–1980). Demolished after the 1985 earthquake. El Mirador Plaza, Acapulco, Guerrero – now Mirador Acapulco Hotel. Club Akumal Caribe, Caribe, Quintana Roo – now Hotel Akumal Caribe United States Franklin Plaza, Philadelphia, operated 1979–1984 – now Sheraton Philadelphia Downtown.

Acquired Fairmont properties

Name	Opened	Locality		Disposals/Redevelopment
The Fairmont New Orleans	1893	Downtown New Orleans, Louisiana		2005 closed; 2007 sold; 2009 reopened by Waldorf Astoria as The Roosevelt New Orleans	[156][157]
Fairmont San Francisco	1907	San Francisco, Northern California	[158]
The Plaza	1907	Midtown Manhattan, New York City	[159]
Fairmont Copley Plaza	1912	Downtown Boston, Massachusetts	[160]
The Fairmont Dallas	1969	Downtown Dallas, Texas	[161]
Fairmont Chicago	1987	Chicago, Illinois	[162]
The Fairmont San Jose	1987	Downtown San Jose, Southern California	[163]	closed 2021, reopened as Signia by Hilton San Jose in 2022

Acquired Princess properties

Name	Opened [164]	Locality	1999 rename		Disposals/Redevelopment
The Hamilton Princess	1884	Pembroke, Bermuda	The Fairmont Hamilton Princess	[165]
Pierre Marques	1958	Acapulco, Mexico	The Fairmont Pierre Marques		2015 independent: The Pierre Mundo Imperial	[166][167]
Acapulco Princess	1971	Acapulco, Mexico	The Fairmont Acapulco Princess		2015 independent: The Princess Mundo Imperial	[166][168]
The Southampton Princess	1972	Southampton Parish, Bermuda	The Fairmont Southampton	[169]
Princess Glitter Bay	1981	Saint James, Barbados	The Fairmont Glitter Bay		2004 sold; c.2006 converted to Royal Glitter Bay Villas.	[170]
Royal Pavilion	1987	Saint James, Barbados	The Fairmont Royal Pavilion	[171]
Scottsdale Princess	1987	Scottsdale, Arizona	The Fairmont Scottsdale Princess	[172]

Footnotes

1. Lam 2011, p. 25.
2. Finch, David A.A. (1987). "A History of the Canadian Pacific Railway in Glacier National Park, B.C., 1884–1930" (PDF). www.parkscanadahistory.com. Environment Canada. p. 64.
3. Lam 2011, p. 86.
4. Lam 2011, p. 97.
5. Lam 2011, pp. 41–44, 66.
6. Young & Coates 2016, p. 282.
7. Young & Coates 2016, p. 277.
8. Lam 2011, pp. 4, 56.
9. Kalman 1968, p. 11.
10. Lam 2011, p. 103.
11. Kalman 1968, p. 12.
12. Lam 2011, p. 102.
13. Kalman 1968, p. 19.
14. Lam 2011, p. 1.
15. "Canadian Pacific Hotels brochure, 1919". www.library.ubc.ca. p. 1.
16. "Travel to and within Canada on Canadian Pacific". www.trainweb.org.
17. "Rockies Life in the '70s" (PDF). www.albertamagazines.com.
18. "Gazette, 11 Jan 1964". www.newspapers.com. p. 81. For Canadian Pacific hotels, 1963 was a year of diversification. A new subsidiary, Canadian Pacific Hotels Limited, was set up to operate hotel and motor hotels under management….
19. Lam 2011, pp. 164, 174–175.
20. Lam 2011, p. 189.
21. Lam 2011, p. 190.
22. Lam 2011, p. 198.
23. Young & Coates 2016, p. 285.
24. Lam 2011, pp. 193, 207.
25. Lam 2011, p. 230.
26. "Red Deer Advocate, 8 Feb 1988". www.newspapers.com. p. 21.
27. "Vancouver Sun, 11 Mar 1998". www.newspapers.com. p. 34. CP Hotels will pay up to $34 million in cash to Delta's owners, the Realstar Group...and Lai Sun Group....
28. "National Post, 12 Jun 1998". www.newspapers.com. p. 1. Canadian Pacific….$780-million deal to buy the Caribbean and U.S. chain of Princess Hotels.
29. "Fact Sheet: New Hotel Management Company "Fairmont Hotels and Resorts Inc."". www.hotel-online.com.
30. "Prince George Citizen, 4 Oct 2001". www.newspapers.com. p. 7.
31. "Edmonton Journal, 31 Jan 2006". www.newspapers.com. p. 47. Fairmont Hotels & Resorts….to sell….hotel chain to investor Alwaleed bin Talel, and a US investment firm for $3.9 billion US….Prince Alwaleed's Kingdom Hotels International and….Colony Capital LLC….will pay $45 a share….Colony Capital bought….Raffles Holdings last year….including 23 Swissotels…Fairmont will continue to be managed in Canada, and it will remain a separate brand from Raffles.
32. "Edmonton Journal, 3 Oct 2007". www.newspapers.com. p. 58. Delta Hotels Ltd. has been bought by British Columbia Investment Management Corp…which takes the Delta chain out of the hands of Fairmont Hotels and Resorts Inc.
33. "CBC News, 9 Dec 2015". www.cbc.ca.
34. "Cision, 27 Jan 2015". www.newswire.ca.
35. Lam 2011, p. 164.
36. "Washington Post, 6 Dec 1987". www.washingtonpost.com.
37. "Canadian Rocky Mountain Resorts History". www.crmr.com.
38. "Canadian Pacific Hotels. Emerald Lake Chalet". www.library.ubc.ca.
39. "Lake O'Hara Lodge". www.albertaonrecord.ca.
40. "Lake O'Hara Lodge History". www.lakeohara.com.
41. "Canadian Pacific Hotels. Lake O'Hara Lodge". www.library.ubc.ca.
42. Bradley, Ben (2012). "By the Road: Fordism, Automobility, and Landscape Experience in the British Columbia Interior,1920–1970" (PDF). www.ucalgary.ca. p. 382.
43. "CPR Lodge". Invermere. District of Invermere. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
44. "Storm Mountain Lodge". www.stormmountainlodge.com.
45. MacDonad, Graham A. (1994). "The Alpine Architectural Heritage of the Four Mountain Parks An Historical Review and Assessment" (PDF). www.parkscanadahistory.com. p. Appendix.
46. "Kootenay National Park Chronology". www.pc.gc.ca. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
47. "Addison's Bungalows". www.radiumhotsprings.com.
48. Lam 2011, p. 192.
49. "Kootenay Park Lodge". www.kootenayparklodge.com.
50. "Vancouver Sun, 19 May 1961". www.newspapers.com. p. 27. Canadian Pacific Railway has sold its Devil's Gap Lodge summer resort near Kenora, Ontario, to Austin H. Ford….
51. "CTV News, 21 Apr 2019". www.ctvnews.ca. 21 April 2019.
52. Lake Nipigon, Where the Great Lakes Begin , p. 137, at Google Books
53. "CBC News, 21 Jun 2018". www.cbc.ca.
54. "French River C.P.R. Bungalow Camp". www.trainweb.org.
55. "French River Lodge". www.frenchriverlodge.com.
56. "Glengarry Life" (PDF). www.cornwallcommunitymuseum.wordpress.com. Glengarry Historical Society. 1988. pp. 19–20.
57. "Province, 6 Nov 1926". www.newspapers.com. p. 3. In April, 1918, the Canadian Pacific Railroad….in Field, turned over the hotel to the Young Men's Christian Association….
58. "Calgary Herald, 18 Dec 1963". www.newspapers.com. p. 26. Mount Stephen House…has disappeared….In 1918, CP turned over the operation….to the YMCA and it became a railroad employees' rooming and boarding house…In 1953, when…a new station was to be built at Field….The Railroad YMCA returned the building to the railway company, and the following year saw the removal of the greater portion of the building. The new wing of 1902 was left standing alone, as a rooming house only. This year….the old building disappeared.
59. "Branchline, Sep 1995" (PDF). www.bytownrailwaysociety.ca. pp. 9–11.
60. "'Vanishing BC: North Bend". www.michaelkluckner.com.
61. "Province, 4 Nov 1941". www.newspapers.com. p. 9.
62. "The Daily Colonist, 18 May 1888". www.archive.org. 1888. p. 1.
63. "Western Call, 19 Mar 1915". www.library.ubc.ca. p. 5.
64. "The Fairmont Banff Springs". www.travelweekly.com.
65. "Banff Springs Hotel". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.
66. Canadian Pacific: Facts and Figures. Montreal: Canadian Pacific Railway Foundation Library. 1946. p. 166.
67. "Algonquin Resort St. Andrews By-The-Sea". www.travelweekly.com.
68. "Cornwallis Hotel". www.dardpi.ca.
69. "ChronicleHerald, 3 May 2019". www.thechronicleherald.ca.
70. "Fairmont Le Château Frontenac". www.travelweekly.com.
71. "Fairmont Chateau Lake Louise". www.travelweekly.com.
72. "Chateau Lake Louise". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.
73. Stathis, Kelly (2019). "Canadian Pacific Railway hotels in B.C.: Part 2". www.library.ubc.ca.
74. "Glimpses of Revelstoke's past". Revelstoke Review. 13 June 1928. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
75. "Gare Viger". www.placegareviger.com.
76. "Fairmont Le Manoir Richelieu". www.travelweekly.com.
77. "Times Colonist, 4 Jul 1956". www.newspapers.com. p. 33.
78. Sullivan, David (2005). The Algonquin, St. Andrews N.B : On Passamaquoddy Bay. Pendlebury Press. p. 89. ISBN 0973935804.
79. Reed, Hayter. "Hotels & Boarding Houses on the line of the C.P.R., 1912". www.library.ubc.ca. p. 12.
80. "Pansy Patch". www.davidsullivan.ca.
81. "Beginning & growth of McAdam". www.rootsweb.com.
82. "Digby Pines History". www.digbypines.ca.^{[permanent dead link]}
83. "Digby Pines Golf Resort". www.travelweekly.com.
84. "Royal Alexandra Hotel". www.mhs.mb.ca.
85. "The Fairmont Empress Hotel Victoria". www.travelweekly.com.
86. "Fairmont Château Laurier". www.travelweekly.com.
87. "Cameron Lake Chalet". www.youtube.com. 22 May 2020.
88. "Alberni Valley Times, 6 Oct 1970". www.newspapers.com. p. 8. So Cameron Lake Chalet….has been demolished leaving only a few concrete footings….
89. "Vancouver Sun, 23 May 1942". www.newspapers.com. p. 2. A syndicate….taken over the Hotel Incola from the Okanagan Hotel Company, with which the Canadian Pacific Railway has been largely associated.
90. "Province, 24 Jun 1950". www.newspapers.com. p. 32. Incola Hotel…. has been sold to Hencott Houses Ltd…..
91. "Times Colonist, 1 Sep 1959". www.newspapers.com. p. 11. The 76-room Incola Hotel….has been sold for $250,000. Purchaser is Jack C. Young….
92. "Incola Hotel". www.library.ubc.ca. p. 123 (121).
93. "The Fairmont Palliser". www.travelweekly.com.
94. "The Fairmont Hotel Macdonald". www.travelweekly.com.
95. "Fairmont Jasper Park Lodge". www.travelweekly.com.
96. "Sheraton Hotel Newfoundland". www.travelweekly.com.
97. "Leader-Post, 20 Feb 2014". www.leaderpost.com.
98. "Saskatoon StarPhoenix, 8 Jul 2015". www.thestarphoenix.com.
99. "Sheraton Hotel Saskatchewan". www.travelweekly.com.
100. "Ottawa Journal, 19 Jul 1947". www.newspapers.com. p. 24. Lord Nelson Hotel….Under the re-organization the interests of Canadian Pacific Railway Company in the hotel enterprise is eliminated….
101. "Lord Nelson Hotel". www.travelweekly.com.
102. "The Fairmont Royal York". www.travelweekly.com.
103. "Fairmont Le Château Montebello". www.travelweekly.com.
104. "Jarvis Record, 11 Jun 1931" (PDF). www.haldimandcounty.on.ca. p. 1.
105. "Villa Saint-Joseph du Lac". www.villasaintjoseph.com.
106. "The Fairmont Hotel Vancouver". www.travelweekly.com.
107. "Globe & Mail, 24 May 2006". The Globe and Mail. 24 May 2006.
108. "Province, 3 Dec 1963". www.newspapers.com. p. 13. Canadian Pacific Hotels….has been awarded a management contract to operate the Timberline hotel….at Banff.
109. "Vancouver Sun, 5 Dec 1966". www.newspapers.com. p. 11.
110. "Edmonton Journal, 30 Jul 2005". www.newspapers.com. p. 101.
111. "Juniper Hotel". www.travelweekly.com.
112. "The Fairmont Queen Elizabeth". www.travelweekly.com.
113. "Montreal Marriott Chateau Champlain". www.travelweekly.com.
114. "The Fairmont". www.winnipegarchitecture.ca.
115. "Fairmont Winnipeg". www.travelweekly.com.
116. "Gazette, 19 May 1970". www.newspapers.com. p. 32. ….Trois-Rivières….The new Le Baron motor hotel….
117. "Rodeway Inn Trois-Rivières (formerly Hotel Urbania)". www.rodewayinntroisrivieres.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-29. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
118. "Gazette, 26 Nov 1971". www.newspapers.com. p. 29.
119. "Winnipeg Downtown Places". www.winnipegdowntownplaces.blogspot.com. 17 July 2009.
120. "Radisson Winnipeg". www.travelweekly.com.
121. "Brandon Sun, 17 Feb 1972". www.newspapers.com. p. 3. ….Red Oak Inn….new CP hotel on Victoria….
122. "Genesis Hospitality Management History". www.genesishospitality.ca. Archived from the original on 2020-11-23. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
123. "Royal Oak Inn and Suites to Convert Over to Clarion Hotel and Suites". www.bdnmb.ca. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
124. "Clarion Hotel". www.travelweekly.com.
125. "Gazette, 28 Dec 1972". www.newspapers.com. p. 35.
126. "Delta Beausejour". www.travelweekly.com.
127. "Calgary Herald, 11 Nov 1972". www.newspapers.com. p. 10. Opening of Chateau Halifax is slated for May 1973.
128. "Hotel Halifax". www.travelweekly.com.
129. "SilverBirch Hotels & Resorts". www.silverbirchhotels.com. Archived from the original on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
130. "Tripadvisor review, Mar 2019". www.tripadvisor.ca.
131. "Chronicle-Journal, 16 Jun 1980". www.ourontario.ca.
132. "Victoria Inn". www.travelweekly.com.
133. "Hunter Street Bridge". www.ptbocanada.com. 29 January 2016.
134. "Peterborough Examiner, 20 Feb 2010" – via PressReader.
135. "Peterborough Examiner, 21 Jun 2018". www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com. 21 June 2018.
136. "Calgary Herald, 11 Jan 1979". www.newspapers.com. p. 74.
137. "Delta Calgary Airport". www.travelweekly.com.
138. "Creation of CADC". www.cadcpei.com. Archived from the original on 2020-02-20. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
139. "Delta Prince Edward". www.travelweekly.com.
140. "Delta Toronto East". www.travelweekly.com.
141. "Daily Commercial News and Construction Record, 8 Jul 1998". www.sfu-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com.
142. "InterContinental Toronto Centre". www.travelweekly.com.
143. "Pomeroy Kananaskis". www.travelweekly.com.
144. "Cision, 11 Sep 2015". www.newswire.ca.
145. "Vancouver Sun, 25 Nov 1989". www.newspapers.com. p. 28.
146. "Fairmont Chateau Whistler". www.travelweekly.com.
147. "Star-Phoenix, 4 Nov 1989". www.newspapers.com. p. 19.
148. "TSN, 29 Nov 2004". www.tsn.ca. Archived from the original on 2013-12-28.
149. "Travelweek News, 21 Sep 2017". www.travelweek.ca. 21 September 2017.
150. "Vancouver Sun, 3 Aug 1991". www.newspapers.com. p. 67.
151. "Fairmont Waterfront". www.travelweekly.com.
152. "Ottawa Citizen, 30 Nov 1996". www.newspapers.com. p. 90. Latest addition to the resort is a 316-room Canadian Pacific Hotel, the Chateau Mont Tremblant….
153. "Fairmont Tremblant". www.travelweekly.com.
154. "Richmond Review, 9 May 1999". www.newspapers.com. p. 32. ….Canadian Pacific's $65 million, 400-room Vancouver Airport Place Hotel….
155. "Fairmont Vancouver Airport". www.travelweekly.com.
156. "Daily World, 28 Jul 2009". www.newspapers.com. p. 3. the Roosevelt Hotel has finally reopened….four years after Hurricane Katrina….owned by the Fairmont chain, remained boarded up….in August 2007….bought by the Hilton Hotel Corp. for $19 million, and added to the company's upscale Waldorf-Astoria portfolio.
157. "Roosevelt New Orleans". www.travelweekly.com.
158. "Fairmont San Francisco". www.travelweekly.com.
159. "The Plaza". www.travelweekly.com.
160. "Fairmont Copley Plaza". www.travelweekly.com.
161. "The Fairmont Dallas". www.travelweekly.com.
162. "Fairmont Chicago". www.travelweekly.com.
163. "The Fairmont San Jose". www.travelweekly.com.
164. "Fairmont Hotels, 28 Mar 2002" (PDF). www.media.corporate-ir.net. pp. 18–19.
165. "The Hamilton Princess". www.travelweekly.com.
166. "Travel Agent Central, 24 Jan 2017". www.travelagentcentral.com.
167. "The Pierre Mundo Imperial". www.travelweekly.com.
168. "The Princess Mundo Imperial". www.travelweekly.com.
169. "The Fairmont Southampton". www.travelweekly.com.
170. "Hotel Online, 14 Jul 2004". www.hotel-online.com.
171. "The Fairmont Royal Pavilion". www.travelweekly.com.
172. "Fairmont Scottsdale Princess". www.travelweekly.com.

References

• Young, Bradley, B.; Coates, C.M. (2016). "Moving Natures: Mobility and Environment in Canadian History". www.ucalgary.ca. University of Calgary Press. Archived from the original on 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2020-11-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Lam, Elsa (2011). "Wilderness Nation: Building Canada's Railway Landscapes, 1885–1929" (PDF). www.aapq.org.^{[permanent dead link]}
• Kalman, Harold D. (1968). "The Railway Hotels and the Development of the Château style in Canada" (PDF). www.winnipegarchitecture.ca. University of Victoria.