Reference ranges for blood tests

Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.^{[citation needed]}

Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.^[1]

Interpretation

A reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval).^[2] It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.^{[citation needed]}

Plasma or whole blood

In this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60–100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:^[3]

• All values in Hematology – red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
• All values in Hematology – white blood cells
• Platelet count (Plt)

A few values are for inside red blood cells only:

• Vitamin B₉ (folic acid/folate) in red blood cells
• Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Units

• Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.^{[citation needed]}
• Molar concentration (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.^[4]
• International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.^{[citation needed]}
• Enzyme activity (kat) is commonly used for e.g. liver function tests like AST, ALT, LD and γ-GT in Sweden.^[5]
• Percentages and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g. for beta cell function in homeostasis model assessment or thyroid's secretory capacity.^{[citation needed]}

Arterial or venous

If not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the venous range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by venipuncture. An exception is for acid–base and blood gases, which are generally given for arterial blood.^{[citation needed]}

Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid–base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays).^[6] Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.^[6]

Usual or optimal

Reference ranges are usually given as what are the usual (or normal) values found in the population, more specifically the prediction interval that 95% of the population fall into. This may also be called standard range. In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges. In addition, some values, including troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide, are given as the estimated appropriate cutoffs to distinguish healthy people from people with specific conditions, which here are myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, respectively, for the aforementioned substances.^[7][8][9]

Variability

Further information: Reference range

References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy,^[10] diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as inaccuracy, lack of standardisation, lack of certified reference material and differing antibody reactivity.^[11] Also, reference ranges may be inaccurate when the reference groups used to establish the ranges are small.^[12]

Sorted by concentration

By mass and molarity

Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as standard "usual" reference range.

Reference ranges for blood tests, sorted logarithmically by mass above the scale and by molarity below. (A separate printable image is available for mass and molarity)

Hormones predominate at the left part of the scale, shown with a red at ng/L or pmol/L, being in very low concentration. There appears to be the greatest cluster of substances in the yellow part (μg/L or nmol/L), becoming sparser in the green part (mg/L or μmol/L). However, there is another cluster containing many metabolic substances like cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part (g/L or mmol/L).^{[citation needed]}

The unit conversions of substance concentrations from the molar to the mass concentration scale above are made as follows:

• Numerically:

${\displaystyle {\text{molar concentration}}\times {\text{molar mass}}={\text{mass concentration}}}$

• Measured directly in distance on the scales:

${\displaystyle \log _{10}{\frac {\text{molar mass}}{1000}}={\text{distance to right (decades)}}}$,

where distance is the direct (not logarithmic) distance in number of decades or "octaves" to the right the mass concentration is found. To translate from mass to molar concentration, the dividend (molar mass and the divisor (1000) in the division change places, or, alternatively, distance to right is changed to distance to left. Substances with a molar mass around 1000g/mol (e.g. thyroxine) are almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, on the other hand, with a molar mass of 4540,^[13] is 0.7 decades to the right in the mass image. Substances with molar mass below 1000g/mol (e.g. electrolytes and metabolites) would have "negative" distance, that is, masses deviating to the left. Many substances given in mass concentration are not given in molar amount because they haven't been added to the article.

The diagram above can also be used as an alternative way to convert any substance concentration (not only the normal or optimal ones) from molar to mass units and vice versa for those substances appearing in both scales, by measuring how much they are horizontally displaced from one another (representing the molar mass for that substance), and using the same distance from the concentration to be converted to determine the equivalent concentration in terms of the other unit. For example, on a certain monitor, the horizontal distance between the upper limits for parathyroid hormone in pmol/L and pg/mL may be 7 cm, with the mass concentration to the right. A molar concentration of, for example, 5 pmol/L would therefore correspond to a mass concentration located 7 cm to the right in the mass diagram, that is, approximately 45 pg/mL.

By units

Units do not necessarily imply anything about molarity or mass.

A few substances are below this main interval, e.g. thyroid stimulating hormone, being measured in mU/L, or above, like rheumatoid factor and CA19-9, being measured in U/mL.

By enzyme activity

White blood cells

Sorted by category

Ions and trace metals

Further information: Trace metal and Metals in medicine

Included here are also related binding proteins, like ferritin and transferrin for iron, and ceruloplasmin for copper.

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit*	Comments
Sodium (Na)	135,[14] 137[5][15]	145,[5][15] 147[14]	mmol/L or mEq/L[14]	See hyponatremia or hypernatremia
	310,[16] 320[16]	330,[16] 340[16]	mg/dL
Potassium (K)	3.5,[5][14] 3.6[15]	5.0,[5][14][15] 5.1	mmol/L or mEq/L[14]	See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia
	14[17]	20[17]	mg/dL
Chloride (Cl)	95,[14] 98,[18] 100[5]	105,[14] 106,[18] 110[5]	mmol/L or mEq/L[14]	See hypochloremia or hyperchloremia
	340[19]	370[19]	mg/dL
Ionized calcium (Ca)	1.03,[20] 1.10[5]	1.23,[20] 1.30[5]	mmol/L	See hypocalcaemia or hypercalcaemia
4.1,[21] 4.4[21]	4.9,[21] 5.2[21]	mg/dL
Total calcium (Ca)	2.1,[14][22] 2.2[5]	2.5,[5][22] 2.6,[22] 2.8[14]	mmol/L
8.4,[14] 8.5[23]	10.2,[14] 10.5[23]	mg/dL
Total serum iron (TSI) – male	65,[24] 76[15]	176,[24] 198[15]	μg/dL	See hypoferremia or the following: iron overload (hemochromatosis), iron poisoning, siderosis, hemosiderosis, hyperferremia
	11.6,[25][26] 13.6[26]	30,[25] 32,[26] 35[26]	μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – female	26,[15] 50[24]	170[15][24]	μg/dL
4.6,[26] 8.9[25]	30.4[25]	μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – newborns	100[24]	250[24]	μg/dL
18[26]	45[26]	μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) – children	50[24]	120[24]	μg/dL
9[26]	21[26]	μmol/L
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)	240,[24] 262[15]	450,[24] 474[15]	μg/dL
43,[26] 47[26]	81,[26] 85[26]	μmol/L
Transferrin	190,[27] 194,[5] 204[15]	326,[5] 330,[27] 360[15]	mg/dL
	25[28]	45[28]	μmol/L
Transferrin saturation	20[24]	50[24]	%
Ferritin – Males and postmenopausal females	12[29]	300[29][30]	ng/mL or μg/L
	27[31]	670[31]	pmol/L
Ferritin – premenopausal females	12[29]	150[29] – 200[30]	ng/mL or μg/L
	27[31]	330[31] – 440[31]	pmol/L
Ammonia	10,[32] 20[33]	35,[32] 65[33]	μmol/L	See hypoammonemia and hyperammonemia
	17,[34] 34[34]	60,[34] 110[34]	μg/dL
Copper (Cu)	70[23]	150[23]	μg/dL	See hypocupremia or hypercupremia
	11[35][36]	24[35]	μmol/L
Ceruloplasmin	15[23]	60[23]	mg/dL
	1[37]	4[37]	μmol/L
Phosphate (HPO42−)	0.8	1.5[38]	mmol/L	See hypophosphatemia or hyperphosphatemia
Inorganic phosphorus (serum)	1.0[14]	1.5[14]	mmol/L
	3.0[14]	4.5[14]	mg/dL
Zinc (Zn)	60,[39] 72[40]	110,[40] 130[39]	μg/dL	See zinc deficiency or zinc poisoning
	9.2,[41] 11[5]	17,[5] 20[41]	μmol/L
Magnesium	1.5,[23] 1.7[42]	2.0,[23] 2.3[42]	mEq/L or mg/dL	See hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia
	0.6,[43] 0.7[5]	0.82,[43] 0.95[5]	mmol/L

• Note: Although 'mEq' for mass and 'mEq/L' are sometimes used in the United States and elsewhere, they are not part of SI and are now considered redundant.

Acid–base and blood gases

Further information: Acid–base homeostasis

Further information: Arterial blood gas test and Arterial blood gas test § Parameters and reference ranges

If arterial/venous is not specified for an acid–base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.^{[citation needed]}

Acid–base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values.^[6] Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.^[44]

Test	Arterial/Venous	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
pH	Arterial	7.34,[15] 7.35[14]	7.44,[15] 7.45[14]
	Venous	7.31[45]	7.41[45]
[H+]	Arterial	36[14]	44[14]	nmol/L
		3.6[46]	4.4[46]	ng/dL
Base excess	Arterial & venous[45]	−3[45]	+3[45]	mEq/L
Oxygen partial pressure (pO2)	Arterial pO2	10,[14] 11[47]	13,[47] 14[14]	kPa
		75,[14][15] 83[23]	100,[15] 105[14]	mmHg or torr
	Venous	4.0[47]	5.3[47]	kPa
		30[45]	40[45]	mmHg or torr
Oxygen saturation	Arterial	94,[45] 95,[18] 96[23]	100[18][23]	%
	Venous	Approximately 75[18]
Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2)	Arterial PaCO2	4.4,[14] 4.7[47]	5.9,[14] 6.0[47]	kPa
		33,[14] 35[15]	44,[14] 45[15]	mmHg or torr
	Venous	5.5,[47]	6.8[47]	kPa
		41[45]	51[45]	mmHg or torr
Absolute content of carbon dioxide (CO2)	Arterial	23[45]	30[45]	mmol/L
		100[48]	132[48]	mg/dL
Bicarbonate (HCO3−)	Arterial & venous	18[23]	23[23]	mmol/L
		110[49]	140[49]	mg/dL
Standard bicarbonate (SBCe)	Arterial & venous	21, 22[14]	27, 28[14]	mmol/L or mEq/L[14]
		134[49]	170[49]	mg/dL

Liver function

Further information: Liver function tests

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Total protein (TotPro)		60,[14] 63[15]	78,[14] 82,[15] 84[23]	g/L	See serum total protein Interpretation
Albumin		35[14][50]	48,[15] 55[14]	g/L	See hypoalbuminemia
		3.5[15]	4.8,[15] 5.5[14]	U/L
		540[51]	740[51]	μmol/L
Globulins		23[14]	35[14]	g/L
Total bilirubin		1.7,[52] 2,[14] 3.4,[52] 5[5]	17,[14][52] 22,[52] 25[5]	μmol/L
		0.1,[14] 0.2,[15] 0.29[53]	1.0,[14][23] 1.3,[15] 1.4[53]	mg/dL
Direct/conjugated bilirubin		0.0[14] or N/A[5]	5,[14] 7[5][52]	μmol/L
		0[14][15]	0.3,[14][15] 0.4[23]	mg/dL
Alanine transaminase (ALT/ALAT[5])		5,[54] 7,[15] 8[14]	20,[14] 21,[18] 56[15]	U/L	Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
	Female	0.15[5]	0.75[5]	μkat/L
	Male	0.15[5]	1.1[5]
Aspartate transaminase (AST/ASAT[5])	Female	6[55]	34[55]	IU/L	Also called serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
		0.25[5]	0.60[5]	μkat/L
	Male	8[55]	40[55]	IU/L
		0.25[5]	0.75[5]	μkat/L
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)		0.6[5]	1.8[5]	μkat/L
	Female	42[54]	98[54]	U/L
	Male	53[54]	128[54]
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)		5,[54] 8[15]	40,[54] 78[15]	U/L
	Female		0.63[56]	μkat/L
	Male		0.92[56]	μkat/L

Cardiac tests

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Creatine kinase (CK)	Male	24,[57] 38,[15] 60[54]	174,[23] 320[54]	U/L or ng/mL
		0.42[58]	1.5[58]	μkat/L
	Female	24,[57] 38,[15] 96[23]	140,[23] 200[54]	U/L or ng/mL
		0.17[58]	1.17[58]	μkat/L
CK-MB		0	3,[15] 3.8,[5] 5[54]	ng/mL or μg/L[5]
Myoglobin	Female	1[59]	66[59]	ng/mL or μg/L
	Male	17[59]	106[59]
Cardiac troponin T (low sensitive)			0.1[7]	ng/mL	99th percentile cutoff
Cardiac troponin I (high sensitive)			0.03[7]	ng/mL	99th percentile cutoff
Cardiac troponin T (high sensitive)	Male		0.022[7]	ng/mL	99th percentile cutoff
	Female		0.014[7]	ng/mL	99th percentile cutoff
	newborn/infants		not established		more than adults [60][61]

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) -more detailed ranges in BNP article
Interpretation	Range / Cutoff
Congestive heart failure unlikely	< 100 pg/mL[8][9]
"Gray zone"	100–500 pg/mL[8][9]
Congestive heart failure likely	> 500 pg/mL[8][9]

NT-proBNP -more detailed ranges in NT-proBNP article
Interpretation	Age	Cutoff
Congestive heart failure likely	< 75 years	> 125 pg/mL[62]
	> 75 years	> 450pg/mL[62]

Lipids

Further information: Blood lipids

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Therapeutic target
Triglycerides	10–39 years	54[23]	110[23]	mg/dL	< 100 mg/dL[63] or 1.1 mmol/L[63]
		0.61[64]	1.2[64]	mmol/L
	40–59 years	70[23]	150[23]	mg/dL
		0.77[64]	1.7[64]	mmol/L
	> 60 years	80[23]	150[23]	mg/dL
		0.9[64]	1.7[64]	mmol/L
Total cholesterol		3.0,[65] 3.6[14][65]	5.0,[5][66] 6.5[14]	mmol/L	< 3.9 mmol/L[63]
		120,[15] 140[14]	200,[15] 250[14]	mg/dL	< 150 mg/dL[63]
HDL cholesterol	Female	1.0,[67] 1.2,[5] 1.3[65]	2.2[67]	mmol/L	> 1.0[67] or 1.6[65] mmol/L 40[68] or 60[69] mg/dL
		40,[68] 50[70]	86[68]	mg/dL
HDL cholesterol	Male	0.9[5][67]	2.0[67]	mmol/L
		35[68]	80[68]	mg/dL
LDL cholesterol (Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L)		2.0,[67] 2.4[66]	3.0,[5][66] 3.4[67]	mmol/L	< 2.5 mmol/L[67]
		80,[68] 94[68]	120,[68] 130[68]	mg/dL	< 100 mg/dL[68]
LDL/HDL quotient		n/a	5[5]	(unitless)

Tumour markers

Further information: Tumour markers

Test	Patient type	Cutoff	Unit	Comments
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)		44[15]	ng/mL or μg/L	Hepatocellular carcinoma or testicular cancer
Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG)	In males and non-pregnant females	5[15]	IU/L or mU/mL	choriocarcinoma
CA19-9		40[15]	U/mL	Pancreatic cancer
CA-125		30,[71] 35[72]	kU/L or U/mL
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)	Non-smokers, 50 years	3.4,[5] 3.6[73]	μg/L
	Non-smokers, 70 years	4.1[73]
	Smokers	5[74]
Prostate specific antigen (PSA)	40–49 years	1.2–2.9[75]	μg/L[5][15] or ng/mL[23]	More detailed cutoffs in PSA – Serum levels
	70–79 years, non-African-American	4.0–9.0[75]
	70–79 years, African-American	7.7–13[75]
PAP		3[23]	units/dL (Bodansky units)
Calcitonin		5,[76] 15[76]	ng/L or pg/mL	Cutoff against medullary thyroid cancer[76] More detailed cutoffs in Calcitonin article

Endocrinology

Thyroid hormones

Further information: Thyroid function tests

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin)	Adults – standard range	0.3,[5] 0.4,[15] 0.5,[23] 0.6[77]	4.0,[5] 4.5,[15] 6.0[23]	mIU/L or μIU/mL
	Adults – optimal range	0.3,[78] 0.5[79]	2.0,[79] 3.0[78]
	Infants	1.3[80]	19[80]
Free thyroxine (FT4) -more detailed ranges in Thyroid function tests article	Normal adult	0.7,[81] 0.8[15]	1.4,[81] 1.5,[15] 1.8[82]	ng/dL
		9,[5][83] 10,[84] 12[85]	18,[5][83] 23[85]	pmol/L
	Child/Adolescent 31 d – 18 y	0.8[81]	2.0[81]	ng/dL
		10[83]	26[83]	pmol/L
	Pregnant	0.5[81]	1.0[81]	ng/dL
		6.5[83]	13[83]	pmol/L
Total thyroxine		4,[84] 5.5[15]	11,[84] 12.3[15]	μg/dL
		60[84][85]	140,[84] 160[85]	nmol/L
Free triiodothyronine (FT3)	Normal adult	0.2[84]	0.5[84]	ng/dL
		3.1[86]	7.7[86]	pmol/L
	Children 2-16 y	0.1[87]	0.6[87]	ng/dL
		1.5[86]	9.2[86]	pmol/L
Total triiodothyronine		60,[15] 75[84]	175,[84] 181[15]	ng/dL
		0.9,[5] 1.1[84]	2.5,[5] 2.7[84]	nmol/L
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)		12[15]	30[15]	mg/L
Thyroglobulin (Tg)		1.5[84]	30[84]	pmol/L
		1[84]	20[84]	μg/L

Sex hormones

Further information: Sex steroid

The diagrams below take inter-cycle and inter-woman variability into account in displaying reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, FSH and LH.

Levels of estradiol (the main estrogen), progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle.^[88]

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Dihydrotestosterone	adult male	30	85	ng/dL
Testosterone	Male, overall	8,[89] 10[90]	27,[89] 35[90]	nmol/L
		230,[91] 300[92]	780–1000[91][92]	ng/dL
	Male < 50 years	10[5]	45[5]	nmol/L
		290[91]	1300[91]	ng/dL
	Male > 50 years	6.2[5]	26[5]	nmol/L
		180[91]	740[91]	ng/dL
	Female	0.7[90]	2.8–3.0[90][5]	nmol/L
		20[92]	80–85[92][91]	ng/dL
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone	male	0.06[23]	3.0[23]	mg/L
		0.18[93]	9.1[93]	μmol/L
	Female (Follicular phase)	0.2[23]	1.0[23]	mg/L
		0.6[93]	3.0[93]	μmol/L
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram	Prepubertal	<1[94]	3[94]	IU/L
	Adult male	1[94]	8[94]
	Adult female (follicular and luteal phase)	1[94]	11[94]
	Adult female (Ovulation)	6[94] 95% PI (standard)	26[94] 95% PI)
		5[95] 90% PI (used in diagram)	15[95] (90% PI)
	Post-menopausal female	30[94]	118[94]
Luteinizing hormone (LH) -more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram	Female, peak	20[95] 90% PI (used in diagram)	75[95] (90% PI)	IU/L
	Female, post-menopausal	15[96]	60[96]
	Male aged 18+	2[97]	9[97]
Estradiol (an estrogen) -more detailed ranges in estradiol article	Adult male	50[98]	200[98]	pmol/L
		14[99]	55[99]	pg/mL
	Adult female (day 5 of follicular phase, and luteal phase)	70[98]	500,[98] 600[98]	pmol/L
		19[99]	140,[99] 160[99]	pg/mL
	Adult female – free (not protein bound)	0.5[100]	9[100]	pg/mL
		1.7[100]	33[100]	pmol/L
	Post-menopausal female	N/A[98]	< 130[98]	pmol/L
		N/A[99]	< 35[99]	pg/mL
Progesterone -more detailed ranges in Progesterone article	Female in mid-luteal phase (day 21–23)	17,[95] 35[101]	92[101]	nmol/L
		6,[95] 11[102]	29[102]	ng/mL
Androstenedione	Adult male and female	60[96]	270[96]	ng/dL
	Post-menopausal female		< 180[96]
	Prepubertal		< 60[96]
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate -more detailed ranges in DHEA-S article	Adult male and female	30[103]	400[103]	μg/dL
SHBG -more detailed ranges in SHBG article	Adult female	40[104]	120[104]	nmol/L
	Adult male	20[104]	60[104]
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) -more detailed ranges in AMH article	13–45 years	0.7[105]	20[105]	ng/mL
		5[106]	140[106]	pmol/L

Other hormones

Further information: Hormones

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)		2.2[107]	13.3[107]	pmol/L
		20[15]	100[15]	pg/mL
Cortisol	09:00 am	140[108]	700[108]	nmol/L
		5[109]	25[109]	μg/dL
	Midnight	80[108]	350[108]	nmol/L
		2.9[109]	13[109]	μg/dL
Growth hormone (fasting)		0	5[14]	ng/mL
Growth hormone (arginine stimulation)		7[14]	n/a	ng/mL
IGF-1 -more detailed ranges in IGF-1 article	Female, 20 yrs	110[110]	420[110]	ng/mL
	Female, 75 yrs	55[110]	220[110]
	Male, 20 yrs	160[110]	390[110]
	Male, 75 yrs	48[110]	200[110]
Prolactin -more detailed ranges in Prolactin article	Female	71,[111] 105[111]	348,[111] 548[111]	mIU/L
		3.4,[111] 3.9[111]	16.4,[111] 20.3[111]	μg/L
	Male	58,[111] 89[111]	277,[111] 365[111]	mIU/L
		2.7,[111] 3.3[111]	13.0,[111] 13.5[111]	μg/L
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)		10,[112] 17[113]	65,[112] 70[113]	pg/mL
		1.1,[5] 1.8[114]	6.9,[5] 7.5[114]	pmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) – Standard reference range		8,[23][115] 9[115]	40,[115] 80[23]	ng/mL
		20,[116] 23[117]	95,[117] 150[116]	nmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol – Therapeutic target range		30,[118] 40[119]	65,[119] 100[118]	ng/mL
		85,[63] 100[119]	120,[63] 160[119]	nmol/L
Plasma renin activity		0.29,[120] 1.9[121]	3.7[120][121]	ng/(mL·h)
		3.3,[122] 21[123]	41[122][123]	mcU/mL
Aldosterone -more detailed ranges in Aldosterone article	Adult		19,[122] 34.0[122]	ng/dL
			530,[124] 940[124]	pmol/L
Aldosterone-to-renin ratio -more detailed ranges in Aldosterone/renin ratio article	Adult		13.1,[125] 35.0[125]	ng/dL per ng/(mL·h)
			360,[125] 970[125]	pmol/liter per μg/(L·h)

Vitamins

Also including the vitamin B₁₂)-related amino acid homocysteine.

Test	Patient type	Standard range		Optimal range		Unit
		Lower limit	Upper limit	Lower limit	Upper limit
Vitamin A		30[23]	65[23]			μg/dL
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid/Folate) – Serum	Age > 1 year	3.0[126]	16[126]	5[127]		ng/mL or μg/L
		6.8[128]	36[128]	11[128]		nmol/L
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid/Folate) – Red blood cells		200[126]	600[126]			ng/mL or μg/L
		450[128]	1400[128]			nmol/L
	Pregnant			400[126]		ng/mL or μg/L
				900[126]		nmol/L
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)		130,[129] 160[130]	700,[129] 950[130]			ng/L
		100,[131] 120[5]	520,[131] 700[5]			pmol/L
Homocysteine -more detailed ranges in Homocysteine article		3.3,[132] 5.9[132]	7.2,[132] 15.3[132]		6.3[63]	μmol/L
		45,[133] 80[133]	100,[133] 210[133]		85[63]	μg/dL
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)		0.4[23]	1.5[23]	0.9[63]		mg/dL
		23[134]	85[134]	50[63]		μmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D)		8,[23][115] 9[115]	40,[115] 80[23]	30,[118] 40[119]	65,[119] 100[118]	ng/mL
		20,[116] 23[117]	95,[117] 150[116]	85,[63] 100[119]	120,[63] 160[119]	nmol/L
Vitamin E				28[63]		μmol/L
				1.2[63]		mg/dL

Toxic Substances

Test	Limit type	Limit	Unit
Lead	Optimal health range	< 20[18] or 40[23]	μg/dL
Blood ethanol content	Limit for drunk driving	0,[135] 0.2,[135] 0.8[135]	‰ or g/L
		17.4[136]	mmol/L

Hematology

Red blood cells

These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test	Patient	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Hemoglobin (Hb)	Male	2.0,[137] 2.1[14][138]	2.5,[137] 2.7[14][138]	mmol/L	Higher in neonates, lower in children.
		130,[5] 132,[15] 135[14]	162,[15] 170,[5] 175[14]	g/L
	Female	1.8,[137] 1.9[14][138]	2.3,[137] 2.5[14][137][138]	mmol/L	Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
		120[5][14][15]	150,[5] 152,[15] 160[14][23]	g/L
Hemoglobin subunits (sometimes displayed simply as "Hemoglobin")	Male	8.0,[139] 8.4[139]	10.0,[139] 10.8[139]	mmol/L	4 per hemoglobin molecule
	Female	7.2,[139] 7.6[139]	9.2,[139] 10.0[139]
Hemoglobin in plasma		0.16[14]	0.62[14]	μmol/L	Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
		1	4	mg/dL
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)	< 50 years	3.6[5]	5.0[5]	% of Hb
	> 50 years	3.9[5]	5.3[5]
Haptoglobin	< 50 years	0.35[5]	1.9[5]	g/L
	> 50 years	0.47[5]	2.1[5]
Hematocrit (Hct)	Male	0.39,[5] 0.4,[15] 0.41,[14] 0.45[23]	0.50,[5] 0.52,[15] 0.53,[14] 0.62[23]	L/L
	Female	0.35,[5] 0.36,[14] 0.37[15][23]	0.46,[5][14][15] 0.48[23]	L/L
	Child	0.31[15]	0.43[15]	L/L
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)	Male	76,[23] 82[15]	100,[23] 102[15]	fL	Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children.
	Female	78[15]	101[15]	fL
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW)		11.5[15]	14.5[15]	%
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)		0.39[14]	0.54[14]	fmol/cell
		25,[14] 27[5][23]	32,[23] 33,[5] 35[14]	pg/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)		4.8,[140] 5.0[140]	5.4,[140] 5.6[140]	mmol/L
		31,[15] 32[5][23]	35,[15] 36[5][23]	g/dL or %[note 1]
Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (RBC)	Male	4.2,[23] 4.3[5][14][15]	5.7,[5] 5.9,[14] 6.2,[15] 6.9[23]	x1012/L or million/mm3
	Female	3.5,[14] 3.8,[15] 3.9[5]	5.1,[5] 5.5[14][15]
	Infant/Child	3.8[15]	5.5[15]
Reticulocytes	Adult	26[5]	130[5]	x109/L
		0.5[14][15]	1.5[14][15]	% of RBC
	Newborn	1.1[15]	4.5[15]	% of RBC
	Infant	0.5[15]	3.1[15]	% of RBC
Immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF)	Adult	1.6[141]	12.1[141]	% of reticulocytes
Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent	Adult	30.0[141]	37.6[141]	%
		24.1[142]	35.8[142]	pg
Immature platelet fraction (IPF)	Adult	0.8[141]	5.6[141]	%

White blood cells

These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
White Blood Cell Count (WBC)	Adult	3.5,[5] 3.9,[143] 4.1,[15] 4.5[14]	9.0,[5] 10.0,[143] 10.9,[15] 11[14]	x109/L x103/mm3 or x103/μL
	Newborn	9[144]	30[144]
	1 year old	6[144]	18[144]
Neutrophil granulocytes (A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs)	Adult	1.3,[5] 1.8,[143] 2[144]	5.4,[5] 7,[143] 8[144]	x109/L
		45–54[14]	62,[14] 74	% of WBC
	Newborn	6[144]	26[144]	x109/L
Neutrophilic band forms	Adult		0.7[144]	x109/L
		3[14]	5[14]	% of WBC
Lymphocytes	Adult	0.7,[5] 1.0[143][144]	3.5,[143] 3.9,[5] 4.8[144]	x109/L
		16–25[14]	33,[14] 45	% of WBC
	Newborn	2[144]	11[144]	x109/L
Monocytes	Adult	0.1,[5] 0.2[145][146]	0.8[5][144][146]	x109/L
		3,[14] 4.0	7,[14] 10	% of WBC
	Newborn	0.4[144]	3.1[144]	x109/L
Mononuclear leukocytes (Lymphocytes + monocytes)	Adult	1.5	5	x109/L
		20	35	% of WBC
CD4+ T cells	Adult	0.4,[15] 0.5[18]	1.5,[18] 1.8[15]	x109/L
Eosinophil granulocytes	Adult	0.0,[5] 0.04[146]	0.44,[146] 0.45,[144] 0.5[5]	x109/L
		1[14]	3,[14] 7	% of WBC
	Newborn	0.02[144]	0.85[144]	x109/L
Basophil granulocytes	Adult	40[143]	100,[5][146] 200,[144] 900[143]	x106/L
		0.0	0.75,[14] 2	% of WBC
	Newborn		0.64[144]	x109/L

Coagulation

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Thrombocyte/Platelet count (Plt)	140,[15] 150[5][14]	350,[5][23] 400,[14] 450[15]	x109/L or x1000/μL
Mean platelet volume (MPV)	7.2,[147] 7.4,[148] 7.5[149]	10.4,[148] 11.5,[149] 11.7[147]	fL
Prothrombin time (PT)	10,[18] 11,[14][150] 12[15]	13,[18] 13.5,[150] 14,[15] 15[14]	s	PT reference varies between laboratory kits – INR is standardised
INR	0.9[5]	1.2[5]		The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient's PT to normal
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)	18,[15] 30[5][18]	28,[15] 42,[5] 45[18]	s
Thrombin clotting time (TCT)	11	18	s
Fibrinogen	1.7,[15] 2.0[5]	3.6,[5] 4.2[15]	g/L
Antithrombin	0.80[5]	1.2[5]	kIU/L
	0.15,[151] 0.17[152]	0.2,[151] 0.39[152]	mg/mL
Bleeding time	2	9	minutes
Viscosity	1.5[153]	1.72[153]	cP

Immunology

Acute phase proteins

Acute phase proteins are markers of inflammation.

Test	Patient	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)	Male	0	Age÷2[154]	mm/h	ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.[155]
	Female		(Age+10)÷2[154]
C-reactive protein (CRP)			5,[5][156] 6[157]	mg/L
			200,[158] 240[158]	nmol/L
Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT)		20,[159] 22[160]	38,[160] 53[159]	μmol/L
		89,[161] 97[5]	170,[5] 230[161]	mg/dL
Procalcitonin			0.15[162]	ng/mL or μg/L

Isotypes of antibodies

Further information: Antibody

Test	Patient	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
IgA	Adult	70,[5] 110[163]	360,[5] 560[163]	mg/dL
IgD		0.5[163]	3.0[163]
IgE		0.01[163]	0.04[163]
IgG		800[163]	1800[163]
IgM		54[163]	220[163]

Autoantibodies

For clinical associations, see Autoantibody.

Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a positive test. There may also be an equivocal interval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level.

Test	Negative	Equivocal	Positive	Unit
anti-SS-A (Ro)	< 1.0[164]	n/a	≥ 1.0[164]	Units (U)
anti-SS-B (La)	< 1.0[165]	n/a	≥ 1.0[165]
Anti ds-DNA	< 30.0[166]	30.0–75.0[166]	> 75.0[166]	International Units per millilitre (IU/mL)
Anti ss-DNA	< 8[167]	8–10[167]	> 10[167]	Units per millilitre (U/mL)
Anti-histone antibodies	< 25[167]	n/a[167]	> 25[167]
Cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA)	< 20[167]	21–30[167]	> 30[167]
Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA)	< 5[167]	n/a	> 5[167]
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA)	< 0.1[168]	0.1-0.9[168]	≥ 1.0[168]	Units (U)
Rheumatoid factor (RF)	< 20	20–30	> 30[15]	Units per millilitre (U/mL)
Antistreptolysin O titre (ASOT) in preschoolers			> 100
ASOT at school age			> 250[15]
ASOT in adults			> 125[15]

Test	Negative	Low/weak positive	Moderate positive	High/strong positive	Unit
Anti-phospholipid IgG	< 20[167]	20–30[167]	31–50[167]	> 51[167]	GPLU/mL[167]
Anti-phospholipid IgM	< 1.5[167]	1.5–2.5[167]	2–9.9[167]	> 10[167]	MPL /mL[167]
Anti-phospholipid IgA	< 10[167]	10–20[167]	21–30[167]	> 31[167]	arb U/mL[167]
Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies	< 20[167]	20–39[167]	40–59[167]	> 60[167]	EU[167]

Other immunology

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Serum free light chains (FLC): kappa/lambda ratio	0.26[169]	1.65[169]	(unitless)

Other enzymes and proteins

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Serum total protein	60,[14] 63[15]	78,[14] 82,[15] 84[23]	g/L	Further information: Serum total protein § Interpretation
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	50[23]	150[23]	U/L
	0.4[54]	1.7[54]	μmol/L
	1.8[5]	3.4[5]	μkat/L	< 70 years old[5]
Amylase	25,[14] 30,[15] 53[23]	110,[15] 120,[170] 123,[23] 125,[14] 190[54]	U/L
	0.15[5]	1.1[5]	μkat/L
	200[158]	240[158]	nmol/L
D-dimer -more detailed ranges in D-dimer article	n/a	500[171]	ng/mL	Higher in pregnant women[172]
		0.5[5]	mg/L
Lipase	7,[15] 10,[23] 23[54]	60,[15] 150,[23] 208[54]	U/L
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)	23[54]	57[54]	U/L
Acid phosphatase		3.0[54]	ng/mL
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)	2.3[5]	16[5]	μg/L

Other electrolytes and metabolites

Electrolytes and metabolites: For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Osmolality		275,[14] 280,[23] 281[5]	295,[14] 296,[23] 297[5]	mOsm/kg	Plasma weight excludes solutes
Osmolarity		Slightly less than osmolality		mOsm/L	Plasma volume includes solutes
Urea		3.0[173]	7.0[173]	mmol/L	BUN – blood urea nitrogen
		7[14]	18,[14] 21[15]	mg/dL
* Uric acid[15]		0.18[14]	0.48[14]	mmol/L
	Female	2.0[23]	7.0[23]	mg/dL
	Male	2.1[23]	8.5[23]	mg/dL
Creatinine	Male	60,[5] 68[174]	90,[5] 118[174]	μmol/L	May be complemented with creatinine clearance
		0.7,[175] 0.8[175]	1.0,[175] 1.3[175]	mg/dL
	Female	50,[5] 68[174]	90,[5] 98[174]	μmol/L
		0.6,[175] 0.8[175]	1.0,[175] 1.1[175]	mg/dL
BUN/Creatinine Ratio		5[23]	35[23]	–
Plasma glucose (fasting)		3.8,[14] 4.0[5]	6.0,[5] 6.1[176]	mmol/L	See also glycated hemoglobin (in hematology)
		65,[15] 70,[14] 72[177]	100,[176] 110[23]	mg/dL
Full blood glucose (fasting)		3.3[5]	5.6[5]	mmol/L
		60[177]	100[177]	mg/dL
Random glucose		3.9[178]	7.8[178]	mmol/L
		70[179]	140[179]	mg/dL
Lactate (Venous)		4.5[23]	19.8[23]	mg/dL
		0.5[180]	2.2[180]	mmol/L
Lactate (Arterial)		4.5[23]	14.4[23]	mg/dL
		0.5[180]	1.6[180]	mmol/L
Pyruvate		300[23]	900[23]	μg/dL
		34[181]	102[181]	μmol/L
Ketones			1[182]	mg/dL
			0.1[182]	mmol/L

Medication

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Digoxin	0.5[183]	2.0[183]	ng/mL	Narrow therapeutic window
	0.6[183]	2.6[183]	nmol/L
Lithium	0.4,[184] 0.5,[185][186] 0.8[187]	1.3[185][186]	mmol/L	Narrow therapeutic window
Paracetamol		30[188]	mg/L	Risk of paracetamol toxicity at higher levels
		200[188]	μmol/L

See also

• Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
• Comprehensive metabolic panel
• Medical technologist
• Reference range

Notes

1. The MCHC in g/dL and the mass fraction of hemoglobin in red blood cells in % are numerically identical in practice, assuming a RBC density of 1g/mL and negligible hemoglobin in plasma.

References

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3. Bransky A, Larsson A, Aardal E, Ben-Yosef Y, Christenson RH (2021). "A Novel Approach to Hematology Testing at the Point of Care". J Appl Lab Med. 6 (2): 532–542. doi:10.1093/jalm/jfaa186. PMC 7798949. PMID 33274357.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
4. "Units of measurement" in Medical toxicology, Richard C. Dart Edition: 3, illustrated, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004, p. 34 ISBN 978-0-7817-2845-4 1914 pages
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16. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99 g•mol−1
17. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10 g•mol−1
18. Merck Manuals > Common Medical Tests > Blood Tests Last full review/revision February 2003
19. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45 g•mol−1
20. Larsson L, Ohman S (November 1978). "Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism". Clin. Chem. 24 (11): 1962–65. doi:10.1093/clinchem/24.11.1962. PMID 709830.
21. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08  g•mol−1
22. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08  g•mol−1
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26. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85 g•mol−1
27. Table 1. Page 133" Clinical Chemistry 45, No. 1, 1999 (stating 1.9–3.3 g/L)
28. Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass
29. Ferritin by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
30. Andrea Duchini. "Hemochromatosis Workup". Medscape. Retrieved 2016-07-14. Updated: Jan 02, 2016
31. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000 g•mol−1
32. Mitchell ML, Filippone MD, Wozniak TF (August 2001). "Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 125 (8): 1084–87. doi:10.5858/2001-125-1084-MCCAHH. PMID 11473464.
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34. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol
35. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g•mol−1
36. "Reference range for copper". GPnotebook.
37. Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa
38. Walter F. Boron (2005). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 849. ISBN 978-1-4160-2328-9.
39. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-07. Retrieved 2010-01-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
40. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
41. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
42. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
43. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
44. Middleton P, Kelly AM, Brown J, Robertson M (August 2006). "Agreements between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate". Emerg Med J. 23 (8): 622–24. doi:10.1136/emj.2006.035915. PMC 2564165. PMID 16858095.
45. The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates / ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Retrieved on Dec 6, 2009
46. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01 g•mol−1
47. Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg
48. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol
49. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol
50. "Reference range (albumin)". GPnotebook.
51. Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD
52. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol
53. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 585g/mol
54. Fachwörterbuch Kompakt Medizin E-D/D-E. Author: Fritz-Jürgen Nöhring. Edition 2. Publisher:Elsevier, Urban&FischerVerlag, 2004. ISBN 978-3-437-15120-0. Length: 1288 pages
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60. Caselli, C.; Cangemi, G.; Masotti, S.; Ragusa, R.; Gennai, I.; Del Ry, S.; Prontera, C.; Clerico, A. (2016-07-01). "Plasma cardiac troponin I concentrations in healthy neonates, children and adolescents measured with a high sensitive immunoassay method: High sensitive troponin I in pediatric age". Clinica Chimica Acta. 458: 68–71. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2016.04.029. ISSN 0009-8981. PMID 27118089.
61. Baum, Hannsjörg; Hinze, Anika; Bartels, Peter; Neumeier, Dieter (2004-12-01). "Reference values for cardiac troponins T and I in healthy neonates". Clinical Biochemistry. 37 (12): 1079–82. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.08.003. ISSN 0009-9120. PMID 15589813.
62. Page 220 in: Lee, Mary Ann (2009). Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data. Amer Soc of Health System. ISBN 978-1-58528-180-0.
63. Adëeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test values Archived 2009-05-29 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on July 9, 2009
64. Derived from values in mg/dL to mmol/L, by dividing by 89, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dL and mmol/L? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009
65. Derived from values in mg/dL to mmol/L, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
66. "Reference range (cholesterol)". GPnotebook.
67. Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) – plasma or serum Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007
68. Derived from values in mmol/L, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
69. What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean. American Heart Association. Retrieved on September 12, 2009
70. "HDL Cholesterol: The Test". September 3, 2001. Archived from the original on 2001-09-03.
71. GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125) Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009
72. ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125 Retrieved on March 8, 2011
73. Bjerner J, Høgetveit A, Wold Akselberg K, et al. (June 2008). "Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study". Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 68 (8): 703–13. doi:10.1080/00365510802126836. PMID 18609108. S2CID 12545738.
74. Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) at MedicineNet
75. Luboldt, Hans-Joachim; Schindler, Joachim F.; Rübben, Herbert (2007). "Age-Specific Reference Ranges for Prostate-Specific Antigen as a Marker for Prostate Cancer". EAU-EBU Update Series. 5 (1): 38–48. doi:10.1016/j.eeus.2006.10.003. ISSN 1871-2592.
76. Basuyau JP, Mallet E, Leroy M, Brunelle P (October 2004). "Reference intervals for serum calcitonin in men, women, and children". Clinical Chemistry. 50 (10): 1828–30. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2003.026963. PMID 15388660.
77. The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... Archived 2016-04-11 at the Wayback Machine By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease and Condition
78. 2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers Archived 2008-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
79. The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... Archived 2016-04-11 at the Wayback Machine By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006
80. Demers, Laurence M.; Carole A. Spencer (2002). "LMPG: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease". National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (USA). Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2007-04-13. – see Section 2. Pre-analytic factors
81. Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free Archived 2010-12-22 at the Wayback Machine UNC Health Care System
82. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
83. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
84. Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays Archived 2011-07-01 at the Wayback Machine – Thyroid Disease Manager
85. van der Watt G, Haarburger D, Berman P (July 2008). "Euthyroid patient with elevated serum free thyroxine". Clinical Chemistry. 54 (7): 1239–41. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2007.101428. PMID 18593963.
86. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol
87. Cioffi M, Gazzerro P, Vietri MT, et al. (2001). "Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 14 (9): 1635–39. doi:10.1515/jpem.2001.14.9.1635. PMID 11795654. S2CID 34910563. INIST 13391788.
88. Häggström, Mikael (2014). "Reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle". WikiJournal of Medicine. 1 (1). doi:10.15347/wjm/2014.001.
89. "Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis". Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
90. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
91. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
92. MedlinePlus > Testosterone Update Date: 3/18/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director
93. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 330.46g/mol
94. reference range (FSH) GPnotebook. Retrieved on September 27, 2009
95. Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: Stricker R, Eberhart R, Chevailler MC, Quinn FA, Bischof P, Stricker R (2006). "Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 44 (7): 883–87. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2006.160. PMID 16776638. S2CID 524952.
96. New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference Ranges^{[permanent dead link‍]} Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
97. Mayo Medical Laboratories > Test ID: LH, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Serum Archived 2016-09-25 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved December 2012
98. GPNotebook – reference range (oestradiol) Archived 2012-06-09 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on September 27, 2009
99. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol
100. Total amount multiplied by 0.022 according to 2.2% presented in: Wu CH, Motohashi T, Abdel-Rahman HA, Flickinger GL, Mikhail G (August 1976). "Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 43 (2): 436–45. doi:10.1210/jcem-43-2-436. PMID 950372.
101. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol
102. Bhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan (July/August 2005) Mid-luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate induced conception cycles J Obstet Gynecol India Vol. 55, No. 4 : July/August 2005 pp. 350–52
103. Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S), Serum Archived 2018-03-14 at the Wayback Machine at Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research. Retrieved July 2012
104. Unit Code 91215 Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine at Mayo Clinic Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2011
105. Antimullerian Hormone (AMH), Serum Archived 2013-07-29 at the Wayback Machine from Mayo Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2012.
106. Derived from mass values using 140,000 g/mol, as given in:

     • Hampl R, Šnajderová M, Mardešić T (2011). "Antimüllerian hormone (AMH) not only a marker for prediction of ovarian reserve". Physiological Research. 60 (2): 217–23. doi:10.33549/physiolres.932076. PMID 21114374.
107. Nieman, Lynnette K (29 September 2019). "Measurement of ACTH, CRH, and other hypothalamic and pituitary peptides". www.uptodate.com. UpToDate. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
108. Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
109. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol
110. Friedrich N, Alte D, Völzke H, et al. (June 2008). "Reference ranges of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in a general adult population: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)". Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 18 (3): 228–37. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2007.09.005. PMID 17997337.
111. Taken from the assay method giving the lowest and highest estimate, respectively, from Table 2 in: Beltran L, Fahie-Wilson MN, McKenna TJ, Kavanagh L, Smith TP (October 2008). "Serum total prolactin and monomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol: evaluation and validation on common immunoassay platforms". Clinical Chemistry. 54 (10): 1673–81. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.105312. PMID 18719199.
112. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
113. Table 2 in: Aloia JF, Feuerman M, Yeh JK (2006). "Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone". Endocr Pract. 12 (2): 137–44. doi:10.4158/ep.12.2.137. PMC 1482827. PMID 16690460.
114. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
115. Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol
116. Bender, David A. (2003). "Vitamin D". Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80388-5. Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.
117. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, et al. (September 2004). "Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80 (3): 752–58. doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.3.752. PMID 15321818.
118. Reusch J, Ackermann H, Badenhoop K (May 2009). "Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population". Horm. Metab. Res. 41 (5): 402–07. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128131. PMID 19241329. S2CID 260166796.
119. Vasquez A, Cannell J (July 2005). "Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures: data are not sufficient to show inefficacy". BMJ. 331 (7508): 108–09, author reply 109. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b. PMC 558659. PMID 16002891.
120. Converted from values in mcU/mL by dividing with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:

     • New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine University of

     Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
121. Pratt RE, Flynn JA, Hobart PM, Paul M, Dzau VJ (March 1988). "Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the human renin gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (7): 3137–41. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)69046-5. PMID 2893797.
122. New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
123. Converted from values in ng/(mL*hour) by multiplying with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:

     • New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine University of

     Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
124. Converted from mass values using molar mass of 360.44 g/mol
125. Tiu SC, Choi CH, Shek CC, et al. (January 2005). "The use of aldosterone-renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 90 (1): 72–78. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.117.5182. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1149. PMID 15483077.
126. Central Manchester University Hospitals / Reference ranges Archived 2012-11-30 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on July 9, 2009
127. University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide Retrieved on April 28, 2009
128. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol−1
129. GPnotebook > B12 Retrieved on April 28, 2009
130. Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
131. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
132. "Homocysteine". www.thedoctorsdoctor.com.
133. Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol
134. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol
135. For Driving under the influence by country, see Drunk driving law by country
136. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol
137. Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol. 90 (2): 511–19. doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511. PMID 11160049. S2CID 15468862.
138. Normal Lab Values Archived 2014-12-16 at the Wayback Machine at Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine. Retrieved July 2013
139. molar concentration as given for hemoglobin above, but multiplied by 4, according to: Lodemann P, Schorer G, Frey BM (February 2010). "Wrong molar hemoglobin reference values-a longstanding error that should be corrected". Annals of Hematology. 89 (2): 209. doi:10.1007/s00277-009-0791-x. PMID 19609525. S2CID 3091357.
140. Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol. 90 (2): 511–19. doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511. PMID 11160049. S2CID 15468862.. Subsequently, 1 g/dL = 0.1551 mmol/L
141. Morkis IV, Farias MG, Scotti L (2016). "Determination of reference ranges for immature platelet and reticulocyte fractions and reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent". Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 38 (4): 310–313. doi:10.1016/j.bjhh.2016.07.001. PMC 5119661. PMID 27863758.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
142. Brugnara C, Schiller B, Moran J (2006). "Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret He) and assessment of iron-deficient states". Clinical and Laboratory Haematology. 28 (5): 303–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00812.x. PMC 1618805. PMID 16999719.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
143. lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count Retrieved on May 14, 2009
144. McClatchey, Kenneth D. (November 28, 2002). Clinical Laboratory Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780683307511 – via Google Books.
145. "Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in Polish population" Central European Journal of Immunology (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1–2): 1–5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,
146. gpnotebook.co.uk > blood constituents (reference range) Retrieved on May 14, 2009
147. Demirin H, Ozhan H, Ucgun T, Celer A, Bulur S, Cil H, Gunes C, Yildirim HA (2011). "Normal range of mean platelet volume in healthy subjects: Insight from a large epidemiologic study". Thromb. Res. 128 (4): 358–60. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2011.05.007. PMID 21620440.
148. Normal Values: RBC, Hgb, Hct, Indices, RDW, Platelets, and MPV (Conventional Units) Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine From labcareplus. Retrieved 4 nov, 2010
149. Lozano M, Narváez J, Faúndez A, Mazzara R, Cid J, Jou JM, Marín JL, Ordinas A (1998). "[Platelet count and mean platelet volume in the Spanish population]". Med Clin (Barc) (in Spanish). 110 (20): 774–77. PMID 9666418.
150. MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: 003652
151. Antithrombin III at eMedicine
152. Antithrombin CO000300 in Coagulation Test Handbook at Massachusetts General Hospital. In turn citing:

     • Elizabeth M. Van Cott, M.D., and Michael Laposata, M.D., Ph.D., "Coagulation." In: Jacobs DS et al, ed. The Laboratory Test Handbook, 5th Edition. Lexi-Comp, Cleveland, 2001; 327–58.
153. "Home". pathology.bsuh.nhs.uk. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
154. Miller A, Green M, Robinson D (January 1983). "Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate". British Medical Journal. 286 (6361): 266. doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266. PMC 1546487. PMID 6402065.
155. Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA (1967). "Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age". Br Med J. 2 (5544): 85–87. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85. PMC 1841240. PMID 6020854.
156. "C-reactive protein". GPnotebook.
157. 2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease Archived 2008-12-20 at the Wayback Machine A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
158. Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol
159. Sipahi T, Kara C, Tavil B, Inci A, Oksal A (March 2003). "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn". Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 25 (3): 274–75. doi:10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019. PMID 12621252.
160. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
161. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
162. "Procalcitonin, Serum". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
163. The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > Immunoglobulins Archived 2009-10-15 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009
164. "SSA – Clinical: SS-A/Ro Antibodies, IgG, Serum". www.mayocliniclabs.com. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
165. "SSB – Clinical: SS-B/La Antibodies, IgG, Serum". www.mayocliniclabs.com. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
166. "ADNA – Clinical: DNA Double-Stranded Antibodies, IgG, Serum". www.mayocliniclabs.com. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
167. chronolab.com > Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases > Reference ranges Archived 2013-07-30 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on April 29, 2010
168. "AMA – Clinical: Mitochondrial Antibodies (M2), Serum". www.mayocliniclabs.com. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
169. Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA, Therneau TM, et al. (August 2005). "Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". Blood. 106 (3): 812–17. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-03-1038. PMC 1895159. PMID 15855274.
170. "Reference range (amylase)". GPnotebook.
171. Ageno W, Finazzi S, Steidl L, et al. (2002). "Plasma measurement of D-dimer levels for the early diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtypes". Archives of Internal Medicine. 162 (22): 2589–93. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.22.2589. hdl:2434/51239. PMID 12456231.
172. Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J (May 2005). "D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed". Clinical Chemistry. 51 (5): 825–29. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883. PMID 15764641.
173. Gardner MD, Scott R (April 1980). "Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 33 (4): 380–85. doi:10.1136/jcp.33.4.380. PMC 1146084. PMID 7400337.
174. Finney H, Newman DJ, Price CP (January 2000). "Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 37 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1258/0004563001901524. PMID 10672373. S2CID 35866310.
175. Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μg/L to mg/dL
176. MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Glucose tolerance test
177. Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol
178. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 180g/mol
179. "Diabetes – Prevention". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2016-06-23. Last revised 1/15/2013
180. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol
181. Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol
182. Ketones at eMedicine
183. Page 700 in:
     Richard C. Dart (2004). Medical Toxicology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins=year=2004. ISBN 9780781728454.
184. The UK Electronic Medical Compendium recommends 0.4–0.8 mmol/L plasma lithium level in adults for prophylaxis of recurrent affective bipolar manic-depressive illness Camcolit 250 mg Lithium Carbonate Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Revision 2 December 2010, Retrieved 5 May 2011
185. Amdisen A. (1978). "Clinical and serum level monitoring in lithium therapy and lithium intoxication". J. Anal. Toxicol. 2 (5): 193–202. doi:10.1093/jat/2.5.193.
186. R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 851–54.
187. One study (Solomon, D.; Ristow, W.; Keller, M.; Kane, J.; Gelenberg, A.; Rosenbaum, J.; Warshaw, M. (1996). "Serum lithium levels and psychosocial function in patients with bipolar I disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 153 (10): 1301–07. doi:10.1176/ajp.153.10.1301. PMID 8831438.) concluded a "low" dose of 0.4–0.6 mmol/L serum lithium treatment for patients with bipolar 1 disorder had less side effects, but a higher rate of relapse, than a "standard" dose of 0.8–1.0 mmol/L. However, a reanalysis of the same experimental data (Perlis, R.; Sachs, G.; Lafer, B.; Otto, M.; Faraone, S.; Kane, J.; Rosenbaum, J. (2002). "Effect of abrupt change from standard to low serum levels of lithium: A reanalysis of double-blind lithium maintenance data". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (7): 1155–59. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1155. PMID 12091193. S2CID 12103424.) concluded the higher rate of relapse for the "low" dose was due to abrupt changes in the lithium serum levels^{[improper synthesis?]}
188. John Marx; Ron Walls; Robert Hockberger (2013). Rosen's Emergency Medicine – Concepts and Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9781455749874.

External links

• Descriptions at amarillomed.com
• Values at lymphomation.org

Further reading

• Rappoport, n.; Paik, P.; Oskotsky, B.; Tor, R.; Ziv, E.; Zaitlen, N.; Butte, A. (4 November 2017). "Creating ethnicity-specific reference intervals for lab tests from EHR data". bioRxiv 10.1101/213892.