Playing card suit

In playing cards, a suit is one of the categories into which the cards of a deck are divided. Most often, each card bears one of several pips (symbols) showing to which suit it belongs; the suit may alternatively or additionally be indicated by the color printed on the card. The rank for each card is determined by the number of pips on it, except on face cards. Ranking indicates which cards within a suit are better, higher or more valuable than others, whereas there is no order between the suits unless defined in the rules of a specific card game. In most decks, there is exactly one card of any given rank in any given suit. A deck may include special cards that belong to no suit, often called jokers.

The four French-suited playing cards suits used in the English-speaking world: diamonds (♦), clubs (♣), hearts (♥) and spades (♠)

Traditional Spanish suits – clubs, swords, cups and coins – are found in Hispanic America, Italy and parts of France as well as Spain

While English-speaking countries traditionally use cards with the French suits of Clubs, Spades, Hearts and Diamonds, many other countries have their own traditional suits. Much of central Europe uses German suited cards with suits of Acorns, Leaves, Hearts and Bells; Spain and parts of Italy and South America use Spanish suited cards with their suits of Swords, Batons, Cups and Coins; German Switzerland uses Swiss suited cards with Acorns, Shields, yellow Roses and Bells; and many parts of Italy use Italian suited cards which have the same suits but different patterns compared with Spanish suited cards. Asian countries such as China and Japan also have their own traditional suits. Tarot card packs have a set of distinct picture cards alongside the traditional four suits.

History

Modern Western playing cards are generally divided into two or three general suit-systems. The older Latin suits are subdivided into the Italian and Spanish suit-systems. The younger Germanic suits are subdivided into the German and Swiss suit-systems. The French suits are a derivative of the German suits but are generally considered a separate system.^[1][2]

Origin and development of the Latin suits

Main articles: Italian playing cards, Spanish-suited playing cards, and Portuguese-suited playing cards

The earliest card games were trick-taking games and the invention of suits increased the level of strategy and depth in these games. A card of one suit cannot beat a card from another regardless of its rank. The concept of suits predates playing cards and can be found in Chinese dice and domino games such as Tien Gow.

Chinese money-suited cards are believed to be the oldest ancestor to the Latin suit system. The money-suit system is based on denominations of currency: Coins, Strings of Coins, Myriads of Strings (or of coins), and Tens of Myriads. Old Chinese coins had holes in the middle to allow them to be strung together. A string of coins could easily be misinterpreted as a stick to those unfamiliar with them.

By then the Islamic world had spread into Central Asia and had contacted China, and had adopted playing cards. The Muslims renamed the suit of myriads as cups; this may have been due to seeing a Chinese character for "myriad" (万) upside-down. The Chinese numeral character for Ten (十) on the Tens of Myriads suit may have inspired the Muslim suit of swords.^[3] Another clue linking these Chinese, Muslim, and European cards are the ranking of certain suits. In many early Chinese games like Madiao, the suit of coins was in reverse order so that the lower ones beat the higher ones. In the Indo-Persian game of Ganjifa, half the suits were also inverted, including a suit of coins. This was also true for the European games of Tarot and Ombre. The inverting of suits had no purpose in terms of play but was an artifact from the earliest games.

These Turko-Arabic cards, called Kanjifa, used the suits coins, clubs, cups, and swords, but the clubs represented polo sticks; Europeans changed that suit, as polo was an obscure sport to them.

The Latin suits are coins, clubs, cups, and swords. They are the earliest suit-system in Europe, and were adopted from the cards imported from Mamluk Egypt and Moorish Granada in the 1370s.

There are four types of Latin suits: Italian, Spanish, Portuguese,^[a] and an extinct archaic type.^[4][5] The systems can be distinguished by the pips of their long suits: swords and clubs.

• Northern Italian swords are curved outward and the clubs appear to be batons. They intersect one another.
• Southern Italian and Spanish swords are straight, and the clubs appear to be knobbly cudgels. They do not cross each other (The common exception being the three of clubs).
• Portuguese pips are like the Spanish, but they intersect like Northern Italian ones. They sometimes have dragons on the aces.^[6] This system lingers on only in the Tarocco Siciliano and the Unsun Karuta and Komatsufuda of Japan. Unsun Karuta additionally has a fifth Guru suit (circular whirls).
• The archaic system^[b] is like the Northern Italian one, but the swords are curved inward so they touch each other without intersecting.^[7][8]
• Minchiate (a game that used a 97-card deck) used a mixed system of Italian clubs and Portuguese swords.

Despite a long history of trade with China, Japan was not introduced to playing cards until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 1540s.^[c] Early locally made cards, Karuta, were very similar to Portuguese decks. Increasing restrictions by the Tokugawa shogunate on gambling, card playing, and general foreign influence, resulted in the Hanafuda deck that today is used most often for fishing-type games and the Komatsufuda and Kabufuda decks that are used for gambling. In hanafuda, the role of rank and suit in organizing cards became switched, so the deck has 12 suits, each representing a month of the year, and each suit has 4 cards, most often two normal, one Ribbon and one Special (though August, November and December each differ uniquely from this convention). In komatsufuda and kabufuda, the designs of the suits became much more abstract. The latter much moreso to the point where the suit does not matter (only rank) and the face cards indistinguishable; thus becoming a single-suited deck with ranks 1-10 and the designs quadruplicated. Unsun karuta did not face the same restrictions and instead developed an additional suit and additional ranks.

Invention of German and French suits

Main articles: French-suited playing cards, German-suited playing cards, and Swiss playing cards

During the 15th-century, manufacturers in German speaking lands experimented with various new suit systems to replace the Latin suits. One early deck had five suits, the Latin ones with an extra suit of shields.^[10] The Swiss-Germans developed their own suits of shields, roses, acorns, and bells around 1450.^[11] Instead of roses and shields, the Germans settled with hearts and leaves around 1460. The French derived their suits of trèfles (clovers or clubs ♣), carreaux (tiles or diamonds ♦), cœurs (hearts ♥), and piques (pikes or spades ♠) from the German suits around 1480. French suits correspond closely with German suits with the exception of the tiles with the bells but there is one early French deck that had crescents instead of tiles. The English names for the French suits of clubs and spades may simply have been carried over from the older Latin suits.^[12]

Tarot cards

Beginning around 1440 in northern Italy, some decks started to include an extra suit of (usually) 21 numbered cards known as trionfi or trumps, to play tarot card games.^[13] Always included in tarot decks is one card, the Fool or Excuse, which may be part of the trump suit depending on the game or region. These cards do not have pips or face cards like the other suits. Most tarot decks used for games come with French suits but Italian suits are still used in Piedmont, Bologna, and pockets of Switzerland. A few Sicilian towns use the Portuguese-suited Tarocco Siciliano, the only deck of its kind left in Europe.

The esoteric use of Tarot packs emerged in France in the late 18th century, since when special packs intended for divination have been produced. These typically have the suits cups, pentacles (based on the suit of coins), wands (based on the suit of batons), and swords. The trump cards and Fool of traditional card playing packs were named the Major Arcana; the remaining cards, often embellished with occult images, were the Minor Arcana. Neither term is recognised by card players.^[14][15]

Suits

Symbolic origin

In divinatory, esoteric and occult tarot, the Minor Arcana, and the suits by extension, are believed to represent relatively mundane features of life. The court cards may represent the people whom one meets.

Each suit also has distinctive characteristics and connotations commonly held to be as follows:^[16]

Latin suit	Element	Class	Faculty
Wands, batons, clubs, staves	Fire	Artisans	Will and creativity
Swords, blades	Air	Nobility and military	Reason or logic, wisdom, and intellect
Cups, chalices, goblets, vessels	Water	Clergy	Spiritual matters, or emotions and love
Pentacles, coins, disks, rings	Earth	Merchants	Material matters, or possessions and career

Comparisons between suits

Origin	Suits
Latin card suits
Italian[d]	Clubs (Bastoni)	Cups (Coppe)	Swords (Spade)	Coins (Denari)
Spanish[e]	Clubs (Bastos)	Cups (Copas)	Swords (Espadas)	Coins (Oros)
Portuguese	Clubs (Paus)	Cups (Copas)	Swords (Espadas)	Coins (Ouros)
Comparison of German, French and Swiss suits[f]
Swiss-German[g]	Acorns[h]	Shields[i]	Roses[j]	Bells[k]
German	Acorns[l]	Hearts[m]	Leaves[n]	Bells[o]
French	Clover (Clubs)[p]	Hearts	Pikes (Spades)[q]	Tiles (Diamonds)
Karuta suits
Komatsufuda	Clubs	Cups	Swords	Coins
Unsun Karuta	Clubs (パオ)	Cups (コツ)	Swords (イス)	Coins (オウル)	Guru (クル)
Kabufuda	Clubs
Hanafuda	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec

Suits in games with traditional decks

Trumps

In a large and popular category of trick-taking games, one suit may be designated in each deal to be trump and all cards of the trump suit rank above all non-trump cards, and automatically prevail over them, losing only to a higher trump if one is played to the same trick.^[17] Non-trump suits are called plain suits.^[18]

Special suits

Some games treat one or more suits as being special or different from the others. A simple example is Spades, which uses spades as a permanent trump suit. A less simple example is Hearts, which is a kind of point trick game in which the object is to avoid taking tricks containing hearts. With typical rules for Hearts (rules vary slightly) the queen of spades and the two of clubs (sometimes also the jack of diamonds) have special effects, with the result that all four suits have different strategic value. Tarot decks have a dedicated trump suit.

Chosen suits

Games of the Karnöffel Group have between one and four chosen suits, sometimes called selected suits or, misleadingly, trump suits. The chosen suits are typified by having a disrupted ranking and cards with varying privileges which may range from full to none and which may depend on the order they are played to the trick. For example, chosen Sevens may be unbeatable when led, but otherwise worthless. In Swedish Bräus some cards are even unplayable. In games where the number of chosen suits is less than four, the others are called unchosen suits and usually rank in their natural order.

Ranking of suits

Whist-style rules generally preclude the necessity of determining which of two cards of different suits has higher rank, because a card played on a card of a different suit either automatically wins or automatically loses depending on whether the new card is a trump. However, some card games also need to define relative suit rank. An example of this is in auction games such as bridge, where if one player wishes to bid to make some number of heart tricks and another to make the same number of diamond tricks, there must be a mechanism to determine which takes precedence in the bidding order.

There is no standard order for the four suits and so there are differing conventions among games that need a suit hierarchy. Examples of suit order are (from highest to lowest):

High → low				Games	Mnemonic
♠	♥	♦	♣	Bridge for bidding and scoring Poker occasionally	Alphabetical order reversed: S, H, D, C
♠	♥	♣	♦	Big Two	1 tip, 2 halves, 3 leaves, 4 corners
♥	♦	♣	♠	Preferans only used for bidding Five Hundred for bidding and scoring Thirteen
♥	♦	♠	♣	Préférence only used for bidding
♣	♠	♥	♦	Skat for bidding (valued 12, 11, 10, 9) and to determine which Jack beats which in play Other European games such as Bruus
♣	♠	♥	♦	Cego for determining highest card in certain situations
♣	♥	♠	♦	Ninety-nine for scoring	3, 2, 1, 0 lobes

Pairing or ignoring suits

The pairing of suits is a vestigial remnant of Ganjifa, a game where half the suits were in reverse order, the lower cards beating the higher. In Ganjifa, progressive suits were called "strong" while inverted suits were called "weak". In Latin decks, the traditional division is between the long suits of swords and clubs and the round suits of cups and coins. This pairing can be seen in Ombre and Tarot card games. German and Swiss suits lack pairing but French suits maintained them and this can be seen in the game of Spoil Five.^[19]

In some games, such as blackjack, suits are ignored. In other games, such as Canasta, only the color (red or black) is relevant. In yet others, such as bridge, each of the suit pairings are distinguished.

In contract bridge, there are three ways to divide four suits into pairs: by color, by rank and by shape resulting in six possible suit combinations.

• Color is used to denote the red suits (hearts and diamonds) and the black suits (spades and clubs).
• Rank is used to indicate the major (spades and hearts) versus minor (diamonds and clubs) suits.
• Shape is used to denote the pointed (diamonds and spades, which visually have a sharp point uppermost) versus rounded (hearts and clubs) suits. This is used in bridge as a mnemonic.

Four-color suits

The aces of a four-color deck

See also: Four-color deck

Some decks, while using the French suits, give each suit a different color to make the suits more distinct from each other. In bridge, such decks are known as no-revoke decks, and the most common colors are black spades, red hearts, blue diamonds and green clubs, although in the past the diamond suit usually appeared in a golden yellow-orange. A pack occasionally used in Germany uses green spades (comparable to leaves), red hearts, yellow diamonds (comparable to bells) and black clubs (comparable to acorns). This is a compromise deck devised to allow players from East Germany (who used German suits) and West Germany (who adopted the French suits) to be comfortable with the same deck when playing tournament Skat after the German reunification.^[20]

Other suited decks

Swiss-German Experimental Suit Systems

This is a list of suit systems devised by early Swiss-German cardmakers mentioned by Michael Dummett:^[11]

15th-16th Century Swiss-German suit systems

Name	Time	Suit 1	Suit 2	Suit 3	Suit 4	Other Suits
Incomplete sheet from Basel	c. 1531	Purses	Keys
Several incomplete packs from Basel	c. 1470 to 1529	Feathers	Hats	Shields	Bells
Cards from Shields suit (presumed Swiss suit system)	c. 1433-1451	Shields	Acorns (presumed)	Roses (presumed)	Bells (presumed)
Stuttgart pack	c. 1427-1431	Stags	Hounds	Ducks	Falcons
Ambraser Hofjagdspiel	c. 1440-1445	Falcons	Lures	Hounds	Herons
Pack by Virgil Solis	c. 1540-1545	Lions	Apes	Parrots	Peacocks
2 fragmentary sheets from the Upper Rhine	16th century	Carnations	Beans	Birds
Pack by Thomas Murner for teaching logic	1509	Bells	Acorns	Hearts	Shields	Crowns, et al. (total 16 suits)
Pack by Thomas Murner for teaching law	1515	Bells	Acorns	Hearts	Shields	Crowns, et al. (total 12 suits)
Liechtenstein pack	c. 1440-1450, c. 1494-1500 (disputed)	Coins	Batons	Cups	Swords	Shields
Pack by Hopfer of Nuremburg[verification needed]	c. 1536-1539	Coins	Batons (arranged as spokes of a wheel)	Cups	Swords (arranged as spokes of a wheel)
2 packs by Heinrich Hauk of Frankfurt	1585 and 1588	Roses	Acorns	Birds	Bells
Pack perhaps by Heinrich Hauk		Lions	Apes	Parrots	Eagles
Pack by Hans Sebald Beham	c. 1523	Leaves	Acorns	Roses	Pomegranates
Pack attributed to Hans Sebald Beham		Acorns	Bells	Roses	Parrots
Listed by Dominican Meister Ingold	1450	Roses	Crowns	Pennies	Rings
Set of mutilated cards from Alsace	c. 1480	Shields	Crowns	Bells	Acorns
Fragmentary sheet of Maihinger pack	c. 1450	Lions	Bears	Dogs

Other suit systems:

15th-16th Century Swiss-German suit system

Name	Time	Suit 1	Suit 2	Suit 3	Suit 4	Other Suits
Pack by Master of the Playing Cards[21][22]	c. 1455	Flowers	Wild men	Beasts of prey	Stags	Herons
Hofämterspiel[23]	c. 1460	Shields (France)	Shields (Germany)	Shields (Bohemia)	Shields (Hungary)
Flemish Hunting Deck[24]	c. 1475-1480	Dog collars	Dog tethers	Gaming nooses	Hunting horns
Pack by south German engraver[25]	c. 1496	Pomegranates[r]	Batons	Cups	Swords
Pack by Master P. W.[26]	c. 1500	Hares	Parrots	Carnations	Columbines	Roses
Pack by Jost Amman[27]	1588	Books	Ink pads	Pots	Cups

Suited-and-ranked decks

A large number of games are based around a deck in which each card has a rank and a suit (usually represented by a color), and for each suit there is exactly one card having each rank, though in many cases the deck has various special cards as well.

Color suits used by some modern card games

Games	Suits	red	orange brown gold	yellow	green	cyan teal	blue	purple	magenta pink	black grey white
Skip-Bo	3
DUO	4
UNO, Phase 10	4
UNO Flip	8
4-Colour Suits	4
4-Colour Suits (Old)	4
Rook, 4-Colour Suits (German)	4
Sticheln	5
Mü	5
Rage, Level 8	6
Schotten Totten	6

Other modern decks

Decks for some games are divided into suits, but otherwise bear little relation to traditional games. An example would be the board game Taj Mahal, in which each card has one of four background colors, the rule being that all the cards played by a single player in a single round must be the same color. The selection of cards in the deck of each color is approximately the same and the player's choice of which color to use is guided by the contents of their particular hand.

In the trick-taking card game Flaschenteufel ("The Bottle Imp"), all cards are part of a single sequence ranked from 1 to 37 but split into three suits depending on its rank. players must follow the suit led, but if they are void in that suit they may play a card of another suit and this can still win the trick if its rank is high enough. For this reason every card in the deck has a different number to prevent ties. A further strategic element is introduced since one suit contains mostly low-ranking cards and another, mostly high-ranking cards.

Whereas cards in a traditional deck have two classifications—suit and rank—and each combination is represented by one card, giving for example 4 suits × 13 ranks = 52 cards, each card in a Set deck has four classifications each into one of three categories, giving a total of 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81 cards. Any one of these four classifications could be considered a suit, but this is not really enlightening in terms of the structure of the game.

Uses of playing card suit symbols

Card suit symbols occur in places outside card playing:

• The four suits were famously employed by the United States' 101st Airborne Division during World War II to distinguish its four constituent regiments:
  • Clubs (♣) identified the 327th Glider Infantry Regiment; currently worn by the 1st Brigade Combat Team.
  • Diamonds (♦) identified the 501st PIR. 1st Battalion, 501st Infantry Regiment is now part of the 4th Brigade (ABN), 25th Infantry Division in Alaska; the Diamond is currently used by the 101st Combat Aviation Brigade.
  • Hearts (♥) identified the 502nd PIR;^[28] currently worn by the 2nd Brigade Combat Team.
  • Spades (♠) identified the 506th PIR; currently worn by the 4th Brigade Combat Team.

Character encodings

Main article: Playing cards in Unicode

In computer and other digital media, suit symbols can be represented with character encoding, notably in the ISO and Unicode standards, or with Web standard (SGML's named entity syntax):

Playing card characters in Unicode

UTF code:	U+2660 (9824dec)	U+2665 (9829dec)	U+2666 (9830dec)	U+2663 (9827dec)
Symbol:	♠	♥	♦	♣
Name:	Black Spade Suit	Red Heart Suit	Red Diamond Suit	Black Club Suit
Entity:	♠	♥	♦	♣
UTF code:	U+2664 (9828dec)	U+2661 (9825dec)	U+2662 (9826dec)	U+2667 (9831dec)
Symbol:	♤	♡	♢	♧
Name:	White Spade Suit	White Heart Suit	White Diamond Suit	White Club Suit
UTF codes are expressed by the Unicode code point "U+hexadecimal number" syntax, and as subscript the respective decimal number. Symbols are expressed here as they are in the web browser's HTML renderization. Name is the formal name adopted in the standard specifications.

Unicode is the most frequently used encoding standard, and suits are in the Miscellaneous Symbols Block (2600–26FF) of the Unicode.

Metaphorical uses

In some card games the card suits have a dominance order, for example: club (lowest) - diamond - heart - spade (highest). That led to in spades being used to mean more than expected, in abundance, very much.^[29]

Other expressions drawn from bridge and similar games include strong suit (any area of personal strength) and to follow suit (to imitate another's actions).

See also

• Hearts (card game)
• Spades (card game)
• Stripped deck
• Five-suit bridge

Notes

1. "Portuguese" is slightly misleading nomenclature. The suit system may have originated in Catalonia and spread out through the western Mediterranean before being replaced by the "Spanish" system. The association with Portugal comes from the fact that they continued to use it until completely going over to French suits at the beginning of the 20th century.
2. Probably associated with the Duchy of Ferrara and likely abandoned after the 15th century.
3. The only users of Chinese cards during the Edo period were the expat community in Nagasaki.^[9]
4. Sample pips come from the Venetian pattern
5. Sample pips come from the Castilian pattern
6. The French suit system is generally considered to be separate from the German and Swiss due to its different set of face cards. However, when comparing only the pips, it is German in origin.
7. There does not appear to be a single universal system of correspondences between Swiss-German and French suits. Cards combining the two suit systems are manufactured in different versions with different combinations of suits.
8. Swiss-German: Eichel
9. Swiss-German: Schilten
10. Swiss-German: Rosen
11. Swiss-German: Schellen
12. German: Eichel (acorn), Ecker (beechnut), Hungarian: Makk (acorn), Czech: Žaludy (acorns)
13. German: Herz (heart), Rot (red), Hungarian: Piros (red), Czech: Srdce (heart), Červené (red)
14. German: Laub (leaves), Grün (green), Gras (grass), Blatt (leaf) Hungarian: Zöld (green), Czech: Listy (leaves), Zelené (green)
15. German: Schellen (bells), Hungarian: Tök (pumpkin), Czech: Kule (balls)
16. The shape of the clubs symbol is believed to be an adaptation of the German suit of acorns. Clubs are also known as clovers, flowers and crosses. The French name for the suit is trèfles meaning clovers, the Italian name for the suit is fiori meaning flowers and the German name for the suit is Kreuz meaning cross.
17. In German-speaking countries the spade was the symbol associated with the blade of a spade. The English term spade originally did not refer to the tool but was derived from the Spanish word espada meaning sword from the Spanish suit. Those symbols were later changed to resemble the digging tool instead to avoid confusion. In German and Dutch the suit is alternatively named Schippen and schoppen respectively, meaning shovels.
18. Possibly alludes to the kingdom of Granada.

References

1. Parlett, David (1990). The Oxford Guide to Card Games. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 27–34.
2. McLeod, John. Games classified by type of cards or tiles used at pagat.com. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
3. Pollett, Andrea (2002). "Tuman, or the Ten Thousand Cups of the Mamluk Cards". The Playing-Card. 31 (1): 34–41.
4. Mann, Sylvia (1974). "A Suit-System Subdivided". The Playing-Card. 3 (1): 51.
5. McLeod, John. Games played with Latin suited cards at pagat.com. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
6. Wintle, Adam. Portuguese Playing Cards at the World of Playing Cards. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
7. Dummett, Michael (1990–1991). "A Survey of 'Archaic' Italian Cards". The Playing-Card. 19 (2, 4): 43–51, 128–131.
8. Gjerde, Tor. Italian renaissance woodcut playing cards at old.no. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
9. "（六）鎖国時代の中国の紙牌 - 日本かるた文化館". Japan Playing Card Museum (in Japanese). Retrieved 2 September 2023.
10. Meyer, Huck. Liechtenstein'sches Spiel at trionfi.com. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
11. Dummett, Michael (1980). The Game of Tarot. London: Duckworth. pp. 14–16.
12. Berry, John (1999). "French suits and English names". The Playing-Card. 28 (2): 84–89.
13. McLeod, John. Card Games: Tarot Games at pagat.com. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
14. Renée, Janina (2001). Tarot for a New Generation (First ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications. p. 5. ISBN 0738701602. In the system that is most commonly used, these suits are designated as Wands, Swords, Cups, and Pentacles.
15. Smith, Caroline; Astrop, John (1999). The Elemental Tarot. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 7. ISBN 0312241399. The Minor Arcana comprises fifty-six cards divided into four suits, which in most decks are swords, wands, cups, and coins or pentacles.
16. Dee, Jonathan (2002). "Introduction to the Minor Arcana". In Liz Dean (ed.). Tarot, An illustrated guide. Silverdale Books. ISBN 1-85605-685-6.
17. McLeod, John. Mechanics of Card Games at pagat.com. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
18. Parlett, David. The Language of Cards at David Parlett Gourmet Games. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
19. Leyden, Rudolf von; Dummett, Michael (1982). Ganjifa, The Playing Cards of India. London: Victoria and Albert Museum. pp. 52–53.
20. "Kartenbilder" (in German). deutscherskatverband.de. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
21. Wintle, Simon (February 7, 2017). "Master of the Playing Cards". www.wopc.co.uk. The World of Playing Cards. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
22. "Master of the Playing Cards - The Queen of Flowers". MetMuseum.org. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
23. Wintle, Simon (July 3, 1996). "Hofamterspiel, c.1460". www.wopc.co.uk. The World of Playing Cards. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
24. Wintle, Simon (May 6, 2015). "Flemish Hunting Deck". www.wopc.co.uk. The World of Playing Cards. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
25. Wintle, Simon (July 3, 1996). "South German Engraver". www.wopc.co.uk. The World of Playing Cards. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
26. Wintle, Simon (July 17, 2011). "Master PW Circular Cards". www.wopc.co.uk. The World of Playing Cards. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
27. Wintle, Simon (July 3, 1996). "The Book of Trades by Jost Amman, 1588". www.wopc.co.uk. The World of Playing Cards. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
28. Zaloga, Steven J (2007). US Airborne Divisions in the ETO 1944-45. Osprey Publishing. p. 58.
29. Martin, Gary. "'In spades' - the meaning and origin of this phrase". Retrieved 24 March 2017.