Properties of mathematical functions From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In mathematics, injections, surjections, and bijections are classes of functions distinguished by the manner in which arguments (input expressions from the domain) and images (output expressions from the codomain) are related or mapped to each other.
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A function maps elements from its domain to elements in its codomain. Given a function :
The function is injective, or one-to-one, if each element of the codomain is mapped to by at most one element of the domain, or equivalently, if distinct elements of the domain map to distinct elements in the codomain. An injective function is also called an injection.[1] Notationally:
The function is surjective, or onto, if each element of the codomain is mapped to by at least one element of the domain. That is, the image and the codomain of the function are equal. A surjective function is a surjection.[1] Notationally:
The function is bijective (one-to-one and onto, one-to-one correspondence, or invertible) if each element of the codomain is mapped to by exactly one element of the domain. That is, the function is both injective and surjective. A bijective function is also called a bijection.[1][2][3][4] That is, combining the definitions of injective and surjective,
In any case (for any function), the following holds:
An injective function need not be surjective (not all elements of the codomain may be associated with arguments), and a surjective function need not be injective (some images may be associated with more than one argument). The four possible combinations of injective and surjective features are illustrated in the adjacent diagrams.
Injective composition: the second function need not be injective.
A function is injective (one-to-one) if each possible element of the codomain is mapped to by at most one argument. Equivalently, a function is injective if it maps distinct arguments to distinct images. An injective function is an injection.[1] The formal definition is the following.
The following are some facts related to injections:
A function is injective if and only if is empty or is left-invertible; that is, there is a function such that identity function on X. Here, is the image of .
Since every function is surjective when its codomain is restricted to its image, every injection induces a bijection onto its image. More precisely, every injection can be factored as a bijection followed by an inclusion as follows. Let be with codomain restricted to its image, and let be the inclusion map from into . Then . A dual factorization is given for surjections below.
The composition of two injections is again an injection, but if is injective, then it can only be concluded that is injective (see figure).
Surjective composition: the first function need not be surjective.
A function is surjective or onto if each element of the codomain is mapped to by at least one element of the domain. In other words, each element of the codomain has a non-empty preimage. Equivalently, a function is surjective if its image is equal to its codomain. A surjective function is a surjection.[1] The formal definition is the following.
The function is surjective, if for all , there is such that [2][3][4]
The following are some facts related to surjections:
A function is surjective if and only if it is right-invertible, that is, if and only if there is a function such that identity function on . (This statement is equivalent to the axiom of choice.)
By collapsing all arguments mapping to a given fixed image, every surjection induces a bijection from a quotient set of its domain to its codomain. More precisely, the preimages under f of the elements of the image of are the equivalence classes of an equivalence relation on the domain of , such that x and y are equivalent if and only they have the same image under . As all elements of any one of these equivalence classes are mapped by on the same element of the codomain, this induces a bijection between the quotient set by this equivalence relation (the set of the equivalence classes) and the image of (which is its codomain when is surjective). Moreover, f is the composition of the canonical projection from f to the quotient set, and the bijection between the quotient set and the codomain of .
The composition of two surjections is again a surjection, but if is surjective, then it can only be concluded that is surjective (see figure).
Bijective composition: the first function need not be surjective and the second function need not be injective.
A function is bijective if it is both injective and surjective. A bijective function is also called a bijection or a one-to-one correspondence (not to be confused with one-to-one function, which refers to injection). A function is bijective if and only if every possible image is mapped to by exactly one argument.[1] This equivalent condition is formally expressed as follows:
The function is bijective, if for all , there is a unique such that [2][3][4]
The following are some facts related to bijections:
A function is bijective if and only if it is invertible, that is, there is a function such that identity function on X and identity function on . This function maps each image to its unique preimage.
The composition of two bijections is again a bijection, but if is a bijection, then it can only be concluded that is injective and is surjective (see the figure at right and the remarks above regarding injections and surjections).
The bijections from a set to itself form a group under composition, called the symmetric group.
Cardinality
Suppose that one wants to define what it means for two sets to "have the same number of elements". One way to do this is to say that two sets "have the same number of elements", if and only if all the elements of one set can be paired with the elements of the other, in such a way that each element is paired with exactly one element. Accordingly, one can define two sets to "have the same number of elements"—if there is a bijection between them. In which case, the two sets are said to have the same cardinality.
Likewise, one can say that set "has fewer than or the same number of elements" as set , if there is an injection from to ; one can also say that set "has fewer than the number of elements" in set , if there is an injection from to , but not a bijection between and .
It is important to specify the domain and codomain of each function, since by changing these, functions which appear to be the same may have different properties.
Injective and surjective (bijective)
The identity function idX for every non-empty set X, and thus specifically
, and thus also its inverse
The exponential function (that is, the exponential function with its codomain restricted to its image), and thus also its inverse the natural logarithm
Injective and non-surjective
The exponential function
Non-injective and surjective
Non-injective and non-surjective
For every function f, let X be a subset of the domain and Y a subset of the codomain. One has always X ⊆ f−1(f(X)) and f(f−1(Y)) ⊆ Y, where f(X) is the image of X and f−1(Y) is the preimage of Y under f. If f is injective, then X = f−1(f(X)), and if f is surjective, then f(f−1(Y)) = Y.
For every function h: X → Y, one can define a surjection H: X → h(X): x → h(x) and an injection I: h(X) → Y: y → y. It follows that . This decomposition as the composition of a surjection and an injection is unique up to an isomorphism, in the sense that, given such a decomposition, there is a unique bijection such that and for every
However, it was not until the French Bourbaki group coined the injective-surjective-bijective terminology (both as nouns and adjectives) that they achieved widespread adoption.[7]