Era's main scholarly literature (1863–1877) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a selected bibliography of the main scholarly books and articles of Reconstruction, the period after the American Civil War, 1863–1877 (or 1865 to 1877).
A political cartoon of Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln, 1865, entitled "The Rail Splitter At Work Repairing the Union." The caption reads (Johnson): Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever. (Lincoln): A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended.
Du Bois, W.E.B. "Reconstruction and its Benefits," American Historical Review, 15 (July, 1910), 781–799 JSTOR
Dunning, William Archibald. Reconstruction: Political & Economic, 1865–1877 (1905). Blames Carpetbaggers for what it deems to have been a failed Reconstruction. online edition
Fitzgerald, Michael W. Splendid Failure: Postwar Reconstruction in the American South (2007), 224 pp; excerpt and text search
Foner, Eric and Mahoney, Olivia. America's Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War.ISBN0-8071-2234-3, short well-illustrated survey
Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1988) ISBN0-06-015851-4. Award-winning history and most detailed synthesis of original and previous scholarship.
Foner, Eric. "Reconstruction Revisited" in Reviews in American History, Vol. 10, No. 4, The Promise of American History: Progress and Prospects (Dec., 1982), pp.82–100, review of the historiography, online in Project MUSE
Foner, Eric. Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. 2005. 268 pp.
Ford, Lacy K., ed. A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction. Blackwell, 2005. 518 pp.
Franklin, John Hope. Reconstruction after the Civil War (1961), University of Chicago Press, 280 pp. ISBN0-226-26079-8. Explores the brevity of the North's military occupation of the South, limited power of former slaves, influence of moderate southerners, flaws in constitutions drawn by Radical state governments, and reasons for downfall of Reconstruction.
Guelzo, Allen C. Reconstruction: A Concise History (2018), 180 pp by a leading scholar
Perman, Michael. Emancipation and Reconstruction (2003). 144 pp.
Randall, J. G. The Civil War and Reconstruction (1953). Long the standard survey, with elaborate bibliography
Rhodes, James G. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896. Volume: 6. (1920). 1865–72; Volume: 7. (1920). 1872–77; Highly detailed narrative by Pulitzer prize winner; argues was a political disaster because it violated the rights of white Southerners. vol 6 online at Google.booksvol 7 in Google.books
Richardson, Heather Cox. West from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America after the Civil War (2007)
Richter, William L. The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction (2009) excerpt and text search; earlier version was Historical Dictionary of the Civil War and Reconstruction (2004)
Schouler, James. History of the United States of America: Under the Constitution vol. 7. 1865–1877. The Reconstruction Period (1917) online
Zuczek, Richard. Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era (2 vol. 2006)
National politics
Beale, Howard K.The Critical Year: A Study of Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1930; reprint 1958); influential "revisionist" thesis argument that Reconstruction was controlled by Northern industrialists
Beale, Howard K. "The Tariff and Reconstruction," American Historical Review (1930) 35#2 pp.276–294 in JSTOR; concise statement of Beale-Beard interpretation
Belz, Herman. A New Birth of Freedom: The Republican Party and Freedman's Rights, 1861–1866 (2000) pro-moderate.
Benedict, Michael Les. The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson (1999), pro-Radical.
Benedict, Michael Les. A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction (1974) pro-Radical
Benedict, Michael Les. "Preserving the Constitution: The Conservative Bases of Radical Reconstruction," Journal of American History vol 61 #1 (1974) pp.65–90, online in JSTOR
Benedict, Michael Les. "Constitutional History and Constitutional Theory: Reflections on Ackerman, Reconstruction, and the Transformation of the American Constitution." Yale Law Journal Vol: 108. Issue: 8. 1999. pp 2011–2038.
Blaine, James. Twenty Years of Congress: From Lincoln to Garfield. With a review of the events which led to the political revolution of 1860 (1886). By Republican Congressional leader
Blum, Edward J. "Reforging the White Republic: Race, Religion, and American Nationalism, 1865–1898" (2005).
Brandwein, Pamela; "Slavery as an Interpretive Issue in the Reconstruction Congresses" Law & Society Review. Volume: 34. Issue: 2. 2000. pp 315+ shows Democratic party history, grounded on white supremacy was crucial in legitimating the Court's narrow doctrinal interpretations of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Burg, Robert W. "Amnesty, Civil Rights, And The Meaning Of Liberal Republicanism, 1862–1872". American Nineteenth Century History 2003 4(3): 29–60.
Dunning, William A. "The Constitution of the United States in Reconstruction" in Political Science Quarterly Vol. 2, No. 4 (Dec., 1887), pp.558–602 JSTOR
Dunning, William A. "Military Government in the South During Reconstruction" Political Science Quarterly Vol. 12, No. 3 (Sep., 1897), pp.381–406 JSTOR
Gambill, Edward. Conservative Ordeal: Northern Democrats and Reconstruction, 1865–1868. (1981). Political history of Democratic Party unable to shed its Civil War label of treason and defeatism, even as it successfully blocked a few elements of Radical Reconstruction.
Gillette, William. Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869–1879. Louisiana State University Press: 1979. Traces failure of Reconstruction to the power of Democrats, administrative inefficiencies, racism, and lack of commitment by northern Republicans.
Harris, William C. With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union (1997) portrays Lincoln as opponent of Radicals.
McAfee, Ward. Religion, Race, and Reconstruction: The Public School in the Politics of the 1870s SUNY Press, 1998.
McKitrick, Eric L. Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (1961) portrays Johnson as weak politician unable to forge coalitions.
Hyman, Harold M. A More Perfect Union (1975), constitutional history of Civil War & Reconstruction.
Kaczorowski, Robert, The Politics of Judicial Interpretations: The Federal Courts, Department of Justice and Civil Rights, 1866–1876. Justice Department fight against KKK
McLaughlin, Andrew. A Constitutional History of the United States (1935) Pulitzer Prize; ch 45–47 are on Reconstruction ISBN978-1-931313-31-5
Pildes, Richard H., "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon", Constitutional Commentary, 17, (2000).
Donald, David Herbert. Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man (1970), Pulitzer prize winning biography
Frantz, Edward O. ed. A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865–1881 (2014) 30 essays by scholars excerpt and text search; emphasis on historiography
Gienapp, William. Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America Oxford U. Press, (2002), short biography
Hesseltine, William. Ulysses S. Grant: Politician. (1935).
McFeely, William S. Grant: A Biography (1981); Pulitzer Prize.
Simpson, Brooks D. The Reconstruction Presidents (2009), on Lincoln, Johnson and Grant
Simpson, Brooks D. Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868 (1991).
Stryker, Lloyd Paul; Andrew Johnson: A Study in Courage 1929. pro-Johnson Praeger, 2002. 444 pp.
Olsen, Otto H. ed., Reconstruction and Redemption in the South (1980), state by state, neoabolitionist
Perman, Michael. The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869–1879 University of North Carolina Press. 1984. detailed state-by-state narrative of Conservatives
Rabinowitz, Howard N. editor. Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era (University of Illinois Press: 1982) ISBN0-252-00929-0.
Russ Jr., William A. "The Negro and White Disfranchisement During Radical Reconstruction" The Journal of Negro History Vol. 19, No. 2 (Apr., 1934), pp.171–192 JSTOR
Russ Jr., William A. "Registration and Disfranchisement Under Radical Reconstruction," The Mississippi Valley Historical Review Vol. 21, No. 2 (Sep., 1934), pp.163–180 JSTOR
Trelease, Allen W. White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction, (Louisiana State University Press: 1971, 1995). detailed treatment of the Klan, and similar groups.
Wharton, V. L. "The Race Issue in the Overthrow of Reconstruction in Mississippi," Phylon (1940–1956) Vol. 2, No. 4 (4th Qtr., 1941), pp.362–370 in JSTOR
Holt, Thomas. Black over white: Negro political leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction (1979).
Hume, Richard L. and Jerry B. Gough. Blacks, Carpetbaggers, and Scalawags: The Constitutional Conventions of Radical Reconstruction (LSU Press, 2008); statistical classification of delegates.
Jenkins, Jeffery A., and Boris Heersink. "Republican Party Politics and the American South: From Reconstruction to Redemption, 1865–1880." (2016 paper the 2016 Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association); online.
Ash, Stephen V. A Year in the South: Four Lives in 1865. Palgrave, 2002. 289 pp.
Moore, A. B. "Railroad Building in Alabama During the Reconstruction Period" The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 1, No. 4. (Nov., 1935), pp.421–441. JSTOR
Morrow, Ralph E. "Northern Methodism in the South during Reconstruction." Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 41#2 (1954), pp.197–218. in JSTOR
Ransom, Roger L. and Sutch, Richard. One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation. (2nd ed. 2001). 458 pp.
Ruef, Martin, and Kelly Patterson, "Organizations and Local Development: Economic and Demographic Growth among Southern Counties during Reconstruction," Social Forces, 87 (June 2009), 1743–1771. statistical analysis
Stover, John F. The Railroads of the South, 1865–1900: A Study in Finance and Control (1955)
Summers, Mark Wahlgren. Railroads, Reconstruction, and the Gospel of Prosperity: Aid Under the Radical Republicans, 1865–1877 (1984)
Tyack, David, and Robert Lowe. "The constitutional moment: Reconstruction and Black education in the South." American Journal of Education (1986): 236–256. in JSTOR
Vaughn, William Preston. Schools for All: The Blacks and Public Education in the South, 1865–1877 (University Press of Kentucky, 2015).
Williams, Heather Andrea. Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom (2006)
Wilson, Kirt H. The Reconstruction Desegregation Debate: The Politics of Equality and the Rhetoric of Place, 1870–1875. (2002). 276 pp.
Women, family and gender
Bond, Beverly G. "'Every Duty Incumbent Upon Them': African-American Women in Nineteenth Century Memphis." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 59.4 (2000): 254.
Censer, Jane Turner. The Reconstruction of White Southern Womanhood, 1865–1895. (LSU Press, 2003). 316 pp.
Clinton, Catherine. "Bloody terrain: Freedwomen, sexuality and violence during reconstruction." Georgia Historical Quarterly 76#2 (1992): 313–332. in JSTOR
Edwards, Laura F. Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (1997).
Farmer-Kaiser, Mary. Freedwomen and the Freedmen's Bureau: Race, Gender, and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation (Fordham Univ Press, 2010). online review
Frankel, Noralee. Freedom's women: Black women and families in Civil War era Mississippi (1999).
Hunter, Tera W. To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Harvard University Press, 1997).
Jones, Catherine A. Intimate Reconstructions: Children in Postemancipation Virginia (2015)
Kennedy-Nolle, Sharon D. Writing Reconstruction: Race, Gender, and Citizenship in the Postwar South (U of North Carolina, 2015); historiography
Oglesby, Catherine. "Gender and History of the Postbellum US South." History Compass 8.12 (2010): 1369–1379; historiography focused on white women.
Olson, Lynne. Freedom's daughters: The unsung heroines of the civil rights movement from 1830 to 1970 (2001).
Stout IV, Arthur Wendel. "White Manhood in Louisiana During Reconstruction, 1865–1877." (PhD Diss. Louisiana State University, 2015) online.
Whites, LeeAnn. Gender Matters: Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Making of the New South. (Palgrave, 2005). 244 pp.
Border states
Coulter, E. Merton. The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky (U of North Carolina Press, 1926).
Curry, Richard Orr, ed. Radicalism, Racism, and Party Realignment: The Border States during Reconstruction. (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969). essays by scholars on each state.
Hoskins, Patricia. "'The Old First is With the South:' The Civil War, Reconstruction, and Memory in the Jackson Purchase Region of Kentucky." (PhD dissertation, Auburn U. 2009). online Bibliography on pp 296–315.
Howard, Victor B. Black Liberation in Kentucky: Emancipation and Freedom, 1862–1884. (U Press of Kentucky, 1983).
Lewis, Patrick A. "The Democratic partisan militia and The Black Peril: the Kentucky militia, racial violence, and the fifteenth amendment, 1870–1873." Civil War History 56.2 (2010): 145–174. online
McKinney, Gordon. Southern Mountain Republicans, 1865–1900 (U of North Carolina Press, 1978).
Maslowski, Peter (1978). Treason Must Be Made Odious: Military Occupation and Wartime Reconstruction in Nashville, Tennessee, 1862–65. Millwood, N.Y: KTO Press. ISBN978-0-527-62185-8. LCCN78016799. OCLC4004346.
Marshall, Suzanne. Violence in the Black Patch of Kentucky and Tennessee (U of Missouri Press, 1994).
Tapp, Hambleton and James C. Klotter. Kentucky: Decades of Discord, 1865–1900 (Kentucky Historical Society, 1977).
Webb, Ross. Kentucky in the Reconstruction Era (University Press of Kentucky, 1979).
South: regional, state and local studies
Abbott, Richard H. For Free Press and Equal Rights: Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South U of Georgia Press, 2004. 266 pp. online review
Baggett, James Alex. The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction. (LSU Press, 2003). 323 pp.
Behrend, Justin. Reconstructing Democracy: Grassroots Black Politics in the Deep South after the Civil War (University of Georgia Press, 2015), 355 pp.
Bradley, Mark. Bluecoats and Tar Heels: Soldiers and Civilians in Reconstruction North Carolina (University Press of Kentucky, 2009)
Brown, Canter Jr. Florida's Black Public Officials, 1867–1924
Coulter, E. Merton. The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky (1926)
Coulter, E. Merton. The South During Reconstruction, 1865–1877 (1947). Dunning School. region-wide history
Davis, William Watson. The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida (Columbia University, 1913), Dunning School online
Donald, David H. "The Scalawag in Mississippi Reconstruction," The Journal of Southern History Vol. 10, No. 4 (Nov., 1944), pp.447–460 JSTOR
Fitzgerald, Michael W. Urban Emancipation: Popular Politics in Reconstruction Mobile, 1860–1890. (LSU Press, 2002. 301 pp.
Foner, Eric. Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction (Revised edition, LSU Press, 1996) biographies of more than 1,500 officeholders.
Garner, James Wilford. Reconstruction in Mississippi (1901), Dunning School
Hahn, Steven. A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration (2003)
Harris, William C. The Day of the Carpetbagger: Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi (1979)
Hume, Richard L. and Jerry B. Gough. Blacks, Carpetbaggers, and Scalawags: The Constitutional Conventions of Radical Reconstruction (LSU Press, 2008); statistical classification of delegates.
Jenkins, Jeffery A., and Boris Heersink. "Republican Party Politics and the American South: From Reconstruction to Redemption, 1865–1880." (2016 paper at the 2016 Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association); online.
Middleton, Stephen, ed. Black Congressmen during Reconstruction: A Documentary Sourcebook. Praeger, 2002. 444 pp.
Olsen, Otto H. ed., Reconstruction and Redemption in the South (1980), state by state, neoabolitionist
Perman, Michael. The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869–1879 University of North Carolina Press. 1984. detailed state-by-state narrative of Conservatives
Rabinowitz, Howard N. editor. Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era (University of Illinois Press: 1982) ISBN0-252-00929-0.
Russ Jr., William A. "The Negro and White Disfranchisement During Radical Reconstruction" The Journal of Negro History Vol. 19, No. 2 (Apr., 1934), pp.171–192 JSTOR
Russ Jr., William A. "Registration and Disfranchisement Under Radical Reconstruction," The Mississippi Valley Historical Review Vol. 21, No. 2 (Sep., 1934), pp.163–180 in JSTOR
Trelease, Allen W. White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction, (LSU Press: 1971, 1995). detailed treatment of the Klan, and similar groups.
Wharton, V. L. "The Race Issue in the Overthrow of Reconstruction in Mississippi," Phylon (1940–1956) 2#4 (1941), pp.362–370 in JSTOR
Alabama
Bethel, Elizabeth . "The Freedmen's Bureau in Alabama," Journal of Southern History Vol. 14, No. 1, Feb., 1948 pp.49–92 online at JSTOR
Bond, Horace Mann. "Social and Economic Forces in Alabama Reconstruction," Journal of Negro History 23 (1938): 290–348 in JSTOR
Fitzgerald, Michael R. Urban Emancipation: Popular Politics in Reconstruction Mobile, 1860–1890. (2002). 301 pp.ISBN0-8071-2837-6.
Fitzgerald, Michael R. "Radical Republicanism and the White Yeomanry During Alabama Reconstruction, 1865–1868." Journal of Southern History 54 (November 1988): 565–596. JSTOR
Kolchin, Peter. First Freedom: The Responses of Alabama's Blacks to Emancipation and Reconstruction. (Greenwood Press: 1972) Explores black migration, labor, and social structure in the first five years of Reconstruction.
Moore, A. B. "Railroad Building in Alabama During the Reconstruction Period" The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 1, No. 4. (Nov., 1935), pp.421–441. JSTOR
Rogers, William Warren. The One-Gallused Rebellion; Agrarianism in Alabama, 1865–1896 (1970).
Storey, Margaret M. Loyalty and Loss: Alabama's Unionists in the Civil War and Reconstruction. Louisiana State U. Press, 2004. 296 pp.
Wiener, Jonathan M. Social Origins of the New South; Alabama, 1860–1885. (1978) new social history
Wiggins, Sarah Woolfolk. The Scalawag in Alabama Politics, 1865–1881 (1991)
Wiggins, Sarah Woolfolk. "Alabama: Democratic Bulldozing and Republican Folly." in Reconstruction and Redemption in the South, edited by Otto H. Olson. (1980).
Arkansas
Atkinson, James H. "The Brooks-Baxter Contest." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 4.2 (1945): 124–149. in JSTOR
DeBlack, Thomas A. "'A Harnessed Revolution': Reconstruction in Arkansas." in Arkansas: A Narrative History, eds. Jeannie M. Whayne, Thomas A. DeBlack, George Sabo III, and Morris S. Arnold, (University of Arkansas Press, 2002) pp.219–227.
DeBlack, Thomas A. With Fire and Sword: Arkansas, 1861–1874. U. of Arkansas Pr., 2003. 307 pp.
Dillard, Tom. "To the Back of the Elephant: Racial Conflict in the Arkansas Republican Party." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 33.1 (1974): 3–15. in JSTOR
Donovan, Timothy Paul, Willard B. Gatewood, and Jeannie M. Whayne, eds. The Governors of Arkansas: Essays in Political Biography (U of Arkansas Press, 1995).
Hume, Richard L. "The Arkansas Constitutional Convention of 1868: A Case Study in the Politics of Reconstruction." Journal of Southern History 39.2 (1973): 183–206. in JSTOR
Ledbetter, Cal. "The Constitution of 1868: Conqueror's Constitution or Constitutional Continuity?." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 44.1 (1985): 16–41. in JSTOR
Moneyhon, Carl H. The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Arkansas: Persistence in the Midst of Ruin (U of Arkansas Press, 2002).
Neal, Diane, and Thomas W. Kremm. The Lion of the South: General Thomas C. Hindman (Mercer University Press, 1997).
Richter, William L. "'A Dear Little Job': Second Lieutenant Hiram F. Willis, Freedmen's Bureau Agent in Southwestern Arkansas, 1866–1868." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 50.2 (1991): 158–200. in JSTOR
Staples, Thomas Starling. Reconstruction in Arkansas, 1862–1874. (Columbia UP, 1923).
Wintory, Blake. "William Hines Furbush: African-American Carpetbagger, Republican, Fusionist, and Democrat." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 63.2 (2004): 107–165. in JSTOR
Wintory, Blake J. "African-American Legislators in the Arkansas General Assembly, 1868–1893." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 65.4 (2006): 385–434. in JSTOR
Woodward, Earl F. "The Brooks and Baxter War in Arkansas, 1872–1874." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 30.4 (1971): 315–336. in JSTOR
Georgia
Abbott, Richard H. "The Republican Party Press in Reconstruction Georgia, 1867–1874." Journal of Southern History 61.4 (1995): 725–760. in JSTOR
Bryant, Jonathan M. How Curious a Land: Conflict and Change in Greene County, Georgia, 1850–1885 (University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
Cimbala, Paul A. Under the Guardianship of the Nation: The Freedmen's Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia, 1865–1870 (2003)
Conway, Alan. The Reconstruction of Georgia (University of Minnesota Press, 1967).
Drago, Edmund L. Black Politicians and Reconstruction in Georgia: A Splendid Failure (1992)
Nathans, Elizabeth Studley. Losing the Peace: Georgia Republicans and Reconstruction, 1865–1871 (LSU Press, 1969)
Sims-Alvarado, Falechiondro Karcheik. "The African-American Emigration Movement in Georgia during Reconstruction." (Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2011). online
Wetherington, Mark V. Plain Folk's Fight: The Civil War and Reconstruction in Piney Woods Georgia (2005).
Wynne, Lewis Nicholas. The continuity of cotton: planter politics in Georgia, 1865–1892 (Mercer University Press, 1986).
Louisiana
Arnesen, Eric. Waterfront Workers of New Orleans: race, class, and politics, 1863–1923. (Oxford UP, 1991).
Blassingame, John W. Black New Orleans 1860–1880 (U of Chicago Press, 1973).
Capers, Gerald M. Occupied City, New Orleans Under the Federals 1862–1865. (U of Kentucky Press, 1965).
Fischer, Roger. The Segregation Struggle in Louisiana, 1862–1877. (University of Illinois Press: 1974) Study of free persons of color in New Orleans who provided leadership in the unsuccessful fight against segregation of schools and public accommodations.
Hogue, James Keith. Uncivil War: Five New Orleans Street Battles and the Rise and Fall of Radical Reconstruction (LSU Press, 2006)
Hollandsworth Jr, James G. The Louisiana Native Guards: The Black Military Experience During the Civil War (LSU Press, 1995).
Hollandsworth, James G. An Absolute Massacre: The New Orleans Race Riot of July 30, 1866 (LSU Press, 2001).
Long, Alecia P. The Great Southern Babylon: Sex, Race, and Respectability in New Orleans, 1865–1920 (LSU Press, 2005).
McCrary, Peyton. Abraham Lincoln and Reconstruction: The Louisiana Experiment (1978).
Rabinowitz, Howard N. Race Relations in the Urban South 1865–1890 (Oxford UP, 1978).
Rousey, Dennis Charles. Policing the Southern City: New Orleans 1805–1889 (LSU Press, 1996).
Stout IV, Arthur Wendel. "A Return to Civilian Leadership: New Orleans, 1865–1866" (MA thesis, LSU, 2007). online bibliography pp 58–62.
Taylor, Joe Gray. Louisiana Reconstructed, 1863–1877 (LSU Press, 1974).
Wetta, Frank J. The Louisiana Scalawags: Politics, Race, and Terrorism During the Civil War and Reconstruction (LSU Press; 2012) 256 pages
White, Howard A. The Freedmen's Bureau in Louisiana (LSU Press, 1970).
South Carolina
Cisco, Walter Brian. Wade Hampton: Confederate warrior, conservative statesman (Potomac Books, 2004) on South Carolina politics
Holt, Thomas. Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina During Reconstruction. (University of Illinois Press: 1977). Black elected officials, their divisions, and battles with white governors who controlled patronage and their ultimate failure.
King, Ronald F. "Counting the votes: South Carolina's stolen election of 1876." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 32.2 (2001): 169–191. statistical
Reynolds, John S. Reconstruction in South Carolina, 1865–1877, Negro Universities Press, 1969
Rose, Willie Lee . Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment (1967) Blacks given land in 1863 in coastal South Carolina
Rubin, Hyman III. South Carolina Scalawags (2006)
Kantrowitz, Stephen David. Ben Tillman & the Reconstruction of White Supremacy (University of North Carolina Press, 2000), on South Carolina politics after 1877
Simkins, Francis Butler, and Robert Hilliard Woody. South Carolina during Reconstruction (1932), revisionist (Beardian) school; comprehensive coverage
Taylor, Alrutheus, Negro in South Carolina During the Reconstruction (AMS Press: 1924) ISBN0-404-00216-1
Taylor, A. A. "The Negro in South Carolina During the Reconstruction" The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 9–11 (1924–1926) (multi-part article) JSTOR full text
Williamson, Joel. After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction, 1861–1877 1965.
Woody, R. H. "The Labor and Immigration Problem of South Carolina during Reconstruction" The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 18#2 (1931), pp.195–212 JSTOR
Zuczek, Richard. State of Rebellion: Reconstruction in South Carolina (U of South Carolina Press, 1996)
Tennessee
Alexander, Thomas B. Political Reconstruction in Tennessee (1950)
Alexander, Thomas B. "Political Reconstruction in Tennessee, 1865–1870,'" in Richard O. Curry, ed., Radicalism, Racism, and Party Realignment: The Border States during Reconstruction (Johns Hopkins UP, 1969) pp 37–79; an abridged version of Alexander's 1950 book.
Alexander, Thomas B. "Kukluxism in Tennessee, 1865–1869." Tennessee Historical Quarterly (1949): 195–219. in JSTOR
Binning, F. Wayne. "The Tennessee Republicans in Decline, 1869–1876: Part I." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 39.4 (1980): 471–484. in JSTOR
Cimprich, John. Slavery's End in Tennessee (U of Alabama Press, 2002).
Cimprich, John. "The Beginning of the Black Suffrage Movement in Tennessee, 1864–65." Journal of Negro History 65.3 (1980): 185–195. in JSTOR
Coulter, E. Merton. William G. Brownlow: Fighting Parson of the Southern Highlands (1937) online
Fisher, Noel C. War at Every Door: Partisan Politics and Guerrilla Violence in East Tennessee, 1860–1869 (U of North Carolina Press, 2001).
Fraser Jr., Walter J. "Black Reconstructionists in Tennessee." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 34 (1975): 362–382.
Groce, W. Todd. Mountain Rebels: East Tennessee Confederates and the Civil War, 1860–1870 (U of Tennessee Press, 2000).
Harcourt, Edward John. "Who were the pale faces? New perspectives on the Tennessee Ku Klux." Civil War History 51.1 (2005): 23–66. online
Harcourt, Edward John. "The Whipping of Richard Moore: Reading Emotion in Reconstruction America," Journal of Social History 36.2 (2002): 261–282.
Hardaway, Roger D. “Race, Sex, and Law: Miscegenation in Tennessee.” Journal of East Tennessee History 74 (2002): 24–37.
Hardy, William E. “The Margins of William Brownlow’s Words: New Perspectives on the End of Radical Reconstruction in Tennessee.” Journal of East Tennessee History 84 (2012) 78–86.
Hardy, William Edward. "'Fare well to all Radicals': Redeeming Tennessee, 1869–1870." (PhD dissertation, U of Tennessee, 2013). online Bibliography on pp 249–75.
Hooper, Ernest Walter. Memphis, Tennessee, Federal occupation and reconstruction, 1862–1870. (U of North Carolina, 1957).
Jones, Robert B. “The Press in the Election: Ending Tennessee’s Reconstruction.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 65 (2006): 320–341.
Jordan, Weymouth T. “The Freedmen’s Bureau in Tennessee.” East Tennessee Historical Society’s Publications 11 (1939): 47–61.
McKinney, Gordon B. Southern Mountain Republicans, 1865–1900: Politics and the Appalachian Community (U of Tennessee Press, 1998).
Maslowski, Peter. Treason must be made odious: military occupation and wartime reconstruction in Nashville, Tennessee, 1862–65. (Kto Press, 1978).
Maslowski, Peter. "From Reconciliation to Reconstruction: Lincoln, Johnson, and Tennessee, Part II." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 42.4 (1983): 343–361. in JSTOR
Miscamble, Wilson D. "Andrew Johnson and the Election of William G. ('Parson') Brownlow as Governor of Tennessee." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 37.3 (1978): 308–320. in JSTOR
Parker, James C. “Tennessee Gubernatorial Elections: 1869 – The Victory of the Conservatives.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 33 (1974): 34–48.
Patton; James Welch. Unionism and Reconstruction in Tennessee, 1860–1869 (1934)
Phillips, Paul David. “Education of Blacks in Tennessee During Reconstruction, 1865–1870.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 46 (1987): 98–109.
Phillips, Paul David. "White Reaction to the Freedmen's Bureau in Tennessee." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 25.1 (1966): 50–62. in JSTOR
Queener, Verton M. “A Decade of East Tennessee Republicanism, 1867–1876.” East Tennessee Historical Society’s Publications 14 (1942): 59–84.
Taylor, Alrutheus A. Negro in Tennessee 1865–1880 (1974) ISBN0-87152-165-2
Texas
Barr, Alwyn. Reconstruction to Reform: Texas Politics, 1876–1906 (1971)
Buenger, Walter L. The Path to a Modern South: Northeast Texas between Reconstruction and the Great Depression (2001)
Campbell, Randolph B. Grass-Roots Reconstruction in Texas, 1865–1880 (1997).
Crouch, Barry A. "'Unmanacling' Texas Reconstruction: A Twenty-Year Perspective," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 1990 93(3): 275–302
Crouch, Barry A. The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Texans. (1992).
Crouch; Barry A. "The 'Chords of Love': Legalizing Black Marital and Family Rights in Postwar Texas" The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 79, 1994
Gould, Lewis N. Progressives and Prohibitionists: Texas Democrats in the Wilson Era (1973).
Howell, Kenneth W., ed. Still the Arena of Civil War: Violence and Turmoil in Reconstruction Texas, 1865–1874 (University of North Texas Press, 2012) 445 pp. scholarly essays
McArthur, Judith N. Creating the New Woman: The Rise of Southern Women's Progressive Culture in Texas, 1893–1918. (1998).
Moneyhon, Carl H. "The Civil War and Reconstruction (1861–1874)" in Bruce A. Glasrud and Cary D. Wintz, eds. Discovering Texas History (University of Oklahoma Press, 2014) pp 210–242; historiography.
Moneyhon, Carl H. Edmund J. Davis of Texas: Civil War General, Republican Leader, Reconstruction Governor (Texas Christian University Press, 2010) 337 pp.ISBN978-0-87565-405-8
Moneyhon, Carl H. Texas after the Civil War: The Struggle of Reconstruction. Texas A. & M. U. Press, 2004. 237 pp.
Pitre, Merline. "The Evolution of Black Political Participation in Reconstruction Texas." East Texas Historical Journal 26.1 (1988): 8+. online
Pitre, Merline. Through Many Dangers, Toils, and Snares: The Black Leadership of Texas, 1868–1900 Eakin Press, 1985.
Rice, Lawrence D. The Negro in Texas, 1874–1900 (1971)
Richter, William L. Overreached on All Sides: The Freedmen's Bureau Administrators in Texas, 1865–1868 1991.
Smallwood, James M.; Crouch, Barry A.; and Peacock, Larry. Murder and Mayhem: The War of Reconstruction in Texas. Texas A. & M. U. Press, 2003. 182 pp.
Sneed, Edgar P. "A Historiography of Reconstruction in Texas: Some Myths and Problems," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 1969 72(4): 435–448
Work, David, "United States Colored Troops in Texas during Reconstruction, 1865–1867," Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 109 (Jan. 2006), 337–357.
Dailey, Jane. "Deference and violence in the postbellum urban South: manners and massacres in Danville, Virginia." Journal of Southern History 63.3 (1997): 553–590. in JSTOR
Eckenrode, Hamilton James. The Political History of Virginia During the Reconstruction (Johns Hopkins Press, 1904); online
Hume, Richard L. "The Membership of the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1867–1868: A Study of the Beginnings of Congressional Reconstruction in the Upper South." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 86.4 (1978): 461–484. in JSTOR
Jones, Catherine A. Intimate Reconstructions: Children in Postemancipation Virginia (2015).
Jones, Robert R. "James L. Kemper and the Virginia Redeemers Face the Race Question: A Reconsideration." Journal of Southern History 38.3 (1972): 393–414. in JSTOR
Lowe, Richard. "Another Look at Reconstruction in Virginia." Civil War History 32.1 (1986): 56–76. online; historiography.
Lowe, Richard G. Republicans and Reconstruction in Virginia, 1856–70 (U Press of Virginia, 1991).
Maddex, Jack P. The Virginia conservatives, 1867–1879: a study in Reconstruction politics (U of North Carolina Press, 1970).
Moore, Louis. "The elusive center: Virginia politics and the general assembly, 1869–1871." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (1995): 207–236. in JSTOR
Morsman, Amy Feely. The Big House After Slavery: Virginia Plantation Families and their Postbellum Domestic Experiment (2010).
Mugleston, William F., and Marcus Sterling Hopkins. "The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction in Virginia: The Diary of Marcus Sterling Hopkins, a Union Officer." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (1978): 45–102. in JSTOR, primary sources
Naragon, Michael. "From chattel to citizen: The transition from slavery to freedom in Richmond, Virginia." Slavery and Abolition 21.2 (2000): 93–116.
Taylor, Alrutheus, The Negro in the Reconstruction Of Virginia (The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History: 1926)
Thomas, Jerry B. "Jedediah Hotchkiss, gilded-age propagandist of industrialism." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 84.2 (1976): 189–202. in JSTOR
Compromise of 1877 and end of Reconstruction
Benedict, Michael L. "Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876–1877: A Reconsideration of Reunion and Reaction". Journal of Southern History 46 (November 1980): 489–524; Says the Compromise was reached before the Wormley hotel meetings discussed by Woodward (1951); in JSTOR
DeSantis, Vincent P. "Rutherford B. Hayes and the Removal of the Troops and the End of Reconstruction". In Region, Race and Reconstruction Ed. by Morgan Kousser and James McPherson. (1982). 417–450. Provides a more complex account of Hayes's decision.
De Santis, Vincent P. "President Hayes's Southern Policy." Journal of Southern History 1955 21(4): 476–494. in Jstor
Hoogenboom, Ari. The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (1988)
King, Ronald F. "A Most Corrupt Election: Louisiana in 1876." Studies in American Political Development 2001 15(2): 123–137. ISSN0898-588X Fulltext: online from Cambridge Journals
Peskin, Allan. "Was There a Compromise of 1877?" Journal of American History (1973) v 60#1, pp 63–75 in JSTOR; Admits that Woodward's interpretation is almost universally accepted but since not all terms were met it should not be called a compromise.
McPherson, James M. "Coercion or Conciliation? Abolitionists Debate President Hayes's Southern Policy." New England Quarterly 1966 39(4): 474–497. in JSTOR; Argues Hayes had been convinced since 1875 that Grant's approach toward the South had to be abandoned and hoped to substitute conciliation for coercion, believing that the good will of Southern upper class whites would provide better protection for Blacks than the hated Federal troops. A majority of abolitionists disagreed, but about 36% of abolitionists supported Hayes, thereby causing a decided division in their ranks.
Polakoff, Keith Ian. The Politics of Inertia: The Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction. Louisiana State University Press, 1973. Argues the Compromise reflected decentralized parties and weak national leaders
Simpson, Brooks D. "Ulysses S. Grant and the Electoral Crisis of 1876–1877." Hayes Historical Journal 1992 11(2): 5–22. ISSN0364-5924. The compromise kept the White House in GOP control. It ended the promise of Reconstruction, as many scholars have argued, and more importantly it maintained the still fragile Union. Historians mostly ignored Grant's decisive role in engineering the compromise. He was not a lame duck but took a deep interest in the behind-the-scenes negotiations. His apparent inaction stemmed from the very real threat of violence that could once again divide the nation, and ultimately his quiet diplomacy was key to the final peaceful outcome. Online text.
Vazzano, Frank P. "President Hayes, Congress and the Appropriations Riders Vetoes." Congress & the Presidency 1993 20(1): 25–37. ISSN0734-3469 Fulltext: at Ebsco. Shows Hayes vetoed Democratic bills intended to remove the last remaining Reconstruction-era restraints: federal marshals at Southern polling places and loyalty oaths for jurors.
Woodward, C. Vann. Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction (1951), emphasizes the role of railroads.
Woodward, C. Vann. "Yes, There Was a Compromise of 1877" Journal of American History (1973) v 60#2, pp 215–223. in JSTOR. Rebuts Peskin; the main terms were indeed met.
Historiography and memory
Bilbija, Marina. "Democracy's New Song: Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880 and the Melodramatic Imagination," Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science (2011) 637#1 pp 64–77; on DuBois, Black Reconstruction
Beale, Howard K. "On Rewriting Reconstruction History." American Historical Review (1940) 45#4 pp: 807–827. in JSTOR
Briley, Ron. "Hollywood's Reconstruction and the Persistence of Historical Mythmaking," History Teacher (2008) 41#4 pp 453–468. in JSTOR
Brown, Thomas J., ed. Reconstructions: New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States (2007), essays by scholars
Giggie, John M. "Rethinking Reconstruction," Reviews in American History (2007) 35#4 pp 545–555. in Project MUSE
Cimbala, Paul A. "Essay Review: Carpetbaggers, Freedmen, and the Unfinished Revolution: Reconstruction and the American Mind," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (1989) 113#2 pp.265–275 in JSTOR
Davis, Robert Scott, "New Ideas from New Sources: Modern Research in Reconstruction, 1865–1876," Georgia Historical Quarterly, 93 (Fall 2009), 291–306.
Ebner, David, and Larry Langman, eds. Hollywood's Image of the South: A Century of Southern Films Greenwood Press. 2001. Ch 9–10 on Reconstruction and KKK.
Foner, Eric. "Reconstruction Revisited," Reviews in American History (1982) 10#1 pp 82–100 in JSTOR
Franklin, John Hope. "Whither Reconstruction Historiography," Journal of Negro Education (1948) 17: 446–481 in JSTOR
Frantz, Edward O. ed. A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865–1881 (Wiley Blackwell Companions to American History) (2014), emphasis on historiography
Sneed, Edgar P. "A Historiography of Reconstruction in Texas: Some Myths and Problems," Southwestern Historical Quarterly (1969) 72#4 pp.435–448 in JSTOR
Thomas, Brook. Literature of Reconstruction: Not in Plain Black and White (2016) looks at writers such as W. E. B. Du Bois, Thomas Dixon, and Charles W. Chesnutt, Albion W. Tourgée, María Amparo Ruiz de Burton, and Constance Fenimore Woolson.
Weisberger, Bernard A. "The Dark Ground of Reconstruction Historiography," Journal of Southern History (1959) 25#4 427–447. in JSTOR
Berlin, Ira; Fields, Barbara J.; Miller, Steven F.; Reidy, Joseph P., and Rowland, Leslie S., eds. Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War (1995)
Blaine, James.Twenty Years of Congress: From Lincoln to Garfield. With a review of the events which led to the political revolution of 1860 (1886). By Republican Congressional leader
Fleming, Walter L.Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational, and Industrial 2 vol (1906). Uses broad collection of primary sources; vol 1 on national politics; vol 2 on states; volume 1 493 pp online and vol 2 480 pp online
Hahn, Steven; Miller, Steven F.; O'Donovan, Susan E.; Rodrigue, John C., and Rowland, Leslies S., eds. Land and Labor, 1865 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2008). Series 3, volume 1 of Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867.
Palmer, Beverly Wilson and Holly Byers Ochoa, eds. The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens 2 vol (1998), 900 pp; his speeches plus and letters to and from Stevens
Palmer, Beverly Wilson, ed/ The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner 2 vol (1990); vol 2 covers 1859–1874
Blum, Edward J. Reforging the White Republic: Race, Religion, and American Nationalism, 1865–1898 (2005)
Butchart, Ronald E. Northern Schools, Southern Blacks, and Reconstruction: Freedmen's Education, 1862–1875 (1980)
Crouch, Barry A. "Black Education in Civil War and Reconstruction Louisiana: George T. Ruby, the Army, and the Freedmen's Bureau" Louisiana History 1997 38(3): 287–308. ISSN0024-6816
Goldhaber, Michael. "A Mission Unfulfilled: Freedmen's Education in North Carolina, 1865–1870" Journal of Negro History 1992 77(4): 199–210. ISSN0022-2992
Jones, Jacqueline. Soldiers of Light and Love: Northern Teachers and Georgia Blacks, 1865–1873 U of North Carolina Press 1980
Morris, Robert C. Reading, 'Riting, and Reconstruction: The Education of Freedmen in the South, 1861–1870 1981.
Richardson, Joe M. Christian Reconstruction: The American Missionary Association and Southern Blacks, 1861–1890 U of Georgia Press, 1986
Span, Christopher M. "'I Must Learn Now or Not at All': Social and Cultural Capital in the Educational Initiatives of Formerly Enslaved African Americans in Mississippi, 1862–1869," The Journal of African American History, 2002 pp 196–222
Swint, Henry Lee. The Northern Teacher in the South: 1862–1870 (New York, 1967).
Williams, Heather Andrea; "'Clothing Themselves in Intelligence': The Freedpeople, Schooling, and Northern Teachers, 1861–1871" The Journal of African American History 2002. pp 372+.
Williams, Heather Andrea. Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom U of North Carolina Press, 2006
Freedmen's Bureau
Cimbala, Paul A. "On the Front Line of Freedom: Freedmen's Bureau Officers and Agents in Reconstruction Georgia, 1865–1868". Georgia Historical Quarterly 1992 76(3): 577–611. ISSN0016-8297.
Cimbala, Paul A. Under the Guardianship of the Nation: the Freedmen's Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia, 1865–1870 U. of Georgia Press, 1997.
Click, Patricia C. Time Full of Trial: The Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony, 1862–1867 (2001)
Crouch, Barry. The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Texans (1992)
Durrill, Wayne K. "Political Legitimacy and Local Courts: 'Politicks at Such a Rage' in a Southern Community during Reconstruction" in Journal of Southern History, Vol. 70 #3, 2004 pp.577–617
Farmer-Kaiser, Mary. "'Are They Not in Some Sorts Vagrants?' Gender and the Efforts of the Freedmen's Bureau to Combat Vagrancy in the Reconstruction South" Georgia Historical Quarterly 2004 88(1): 25–49. ISSN0016-8297
Faulkner, Carol. Women's Radical Reconstruction: The Freedmen's Aid Movement. U. of Pennsylvania Press, 2004. 208 pp.
Finley, Randy. From Slavery to Uncertain Future: the Freedmen's Bureau in Arkansas, 1865–1869 U. of Arkansas Press, 1996.
Gerteis, Louis S. From Contraband to Freedmen: Federal Policy toward Southern Blacks, 1861–1865 1973.
Lieberman, Robert C. "The Freedmen's Bureau and the Politics of Institutional Structure" Social Science History 1994 18(3): 405–437. ISSN0145-5532
Lowe, Richard. "The Freedman's Bureau and Local Black Leadership" Journal of American History 1993 80(3): 989–998. ISSN0021-8723
Morrow Ralph Ernst. "The Northern Methodists in Reconstruction". Mississippi Valley Historical Review 41 (September 1954): 197–218. in JSTOR
May J. Thomas. "Continuity and Change in the Labor Program of the Union Army and the Freedmen's Bureau". Civil War History 17 (September 1971): 245–254.
Oubre, Claude F. Forty Acres and a Mule: The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Land Ownership 1978.
Pearson, Reggie L. "'There Are Many Sick, Feeble, and Suffering Freedmen': the Freedmen's Bureau's Health-care Activities During Reconstruction in North Carolina, 1865–1868" North Carolina Historical Review 2002 79(2): 141–181. ISSN0029-2494 .
Quarles, Benjamin. The Negro in the Civil War. Russell & Russell. (1953)
Richter, William L. Overreached on All Sides: The Freedmen's Bureau Administrators in Texas, 1865–1868 1991.
Ransom, Roger L. Conflict and Compromise. Cambridge University Press. 1989. economic history
Oubre, Claude F. Forty Acres and a Mule. (LSU Press, 1978).
Rodrigue, John C. "Labor Militancy and Black Grassroots Political Mobilization in the Louisiana Sugar Region, 1865–1868" in Journal of Southern History, Vol. 67 #1, 2001 pp.115–145
Schwalm, Leslie A. "'Sweet Dreams of Freedom': Freedwomen's Reconstruction of Life and Labor in Lowcountry South Carolina" Journal of Women's History, Vol. 9 #1, 1997 pp.9–32
Smith, Solomon K. "The Freedmen's Bureau in Shreveport: the Struggle for Control of the Red River District" Louisiana History 2000 41(4): 435–465. ISSN0024-6816
Primary sources
Berlin, Ira; Fields, Barbara J.; Miller, Steven F.; Reidy, Joseph P; and Rowland, Leslie S., eds. Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War (New, York, 1995).
Cimbala, Paul A. The Freedmen's Bureau: Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War (Malabar, Fla., 2005). Brief history and selection of documents.
Hahn, Steven; Miller, Steven F.; O'Donovan, Susan E.; Rodrigue, John C., and Rowland, Leslies S., eds. Land and Labor, 1865 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2008). Series 3, volume 1 of Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867.
