Battles of Wenden (1577–1578)
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The Battles of Wenden were a series of battles for control of the stronghold of Wenden (Cēsis, Kiesia, Võnnu), in present-day Latvia, fought during the Livonian War in 1577 and 1578. Magnus of Livonia besieged the town in August 1577, but was deposed and replaced by Russian forces under Tsar Ivan IV, who eventually sacked the town and castle in what became a symbolic victory. Polish forces, however, re-captured the stronghold in November and beat back a Russian counter-attack in February 1578.
Battle of Wenden (1577–1578) | ||||||||
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Part of the Livonian War | ||||||||
Cēsis (Wenden) Castle today | ||||||||
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Belligerents | ||||||||
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Sweden (1578) |
Magnus of Livonia (August 1577) | |||||||
Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
Andrzej Sapieha, Göran Boije[1] | Ivan Galitzin[2] | |||||||
Strength | ||||||||
4,000–6,000[1][3] | 18,000–22,000 (Livonian claim)[3][1] | |||||||
Casualties and losses | ||||||||
about 400 men[4] |
6,280 killed (inflated[5] Livonian claim[6][7]) |
In October 1578, the Russian army again laid siege to the town, but was destroyed by a smaller Swedish–German–Polish relief force. This marked the turning point in the Livonian War, shifting the initiative from the Tsardom of Russia to Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It also marked the end of the Kingdom of Livonia, which collapsed when Magnus retired to Courland.