Lieutenant-General Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, OM, GCMG, GCVO, KCB, KStJ, DL (/ˈbeɪdən ˈpoʊəl/ BAY-dən POH-əl;[4] 22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941) was a British Army officer, writer, founder and first Chief Scout of the world-wide Scout Movement, and founder, with his sister Agnes, of the world-wide Girl Guide/Girl Scout Movement. Baden-Powell wrote the seminal work Scouting for Boys, which, with his previous 1899 book Aids to Scouting for N.-C.Os and Men[5] (intended for the military) captured the imagination of the boys of Britain and led to the creation of the Scout Movement.[6]
The Lord Baden-Powell | |
|---|---|
 Baden-Powell in his scouting uniform, c. 1910–20 | |
| Nickname(s) | B-P, Robin (by his wife)[1] |
| Born | 22 February 1857 Paddington, London, England |
| Died | 8 January 1941 (aged 83) Nyeri, British Kenya |
| Buried | St Peter's Cemetery, Nyeri, Kenya 0.418968°S 36.950117°E |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service | British Army |
| Years of service | 1876–1910 |
| Rank | Lieutenant-General |
| Commands |
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| Battles / wars | |
| Awards |
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| Spouse(s) | Olave St Clair Soames |
| Children |
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| Other work | Founder of the international Scouting Movement; writer; artist |
| Signature |  |
Educated at Charterhouse School, Baden-Powell served in the British Army from 1876 until 1910 in India and Africa.[7] In 1899, during the Second Boer War in South Africa, Baden-Powell successfully defended the town in the Siege of Mafeking.[8] Several of his books, written for military reconnaissance and scout training in his African years, were also read by boys. In August 1907, he held a demonstration camp, the Brownsea Island Scout camp, which is now seen as the beginning of Scouting.[9] Based on his earlier books, particularly Aids to Scouting, he wrote Scouting for Boys,[10] published in 1908 by Sir Arthur Pearson, for boy readership. In 1910 Baden-Powell retired from the army and formed The Scout Association.
The first Scout Rally was held at The Crystal Palace in 1909. Girls in Scout uniform attended, telling Baden-Powell that they were the "Girl Scouts". In 1910, Baden-Powell and his sister Agnes Baden-Powell started the Girl Guide and Girl Scout organisation. In 1912 he married Olave St Clair Soames. He gave guidance to the Scout and Girl Guide movements until retiring in 1937. Baden-Powell lived his last years in Nyeri, Kenya, where he died and was buried in 1941. His grave is a national monument.[11]
Early life
Baden-Powell was a son of Baden Powell, Savilian Professor of Geometry at the University of Oxford and Church of England priest, and his third wife, Henrietta Grace Smyth, eldest daughter of Admiral William Henry Smyth. After Baden Powell died in 1860, his widow, to identify her children with her late husband's fame, and to set her children apart from their half-siblings and cousins, styled the family name Baden-Powell. The name was eventually legally changed by Royal Licence on 30 April 1902.[12]
The family of Baden-Powell's father originated in Suffolk.[13] His mother's earliest known Smyth ancestor was a Royalist American colonist; her mother's father Thomas Warrington was the British Consul in Naples around 1800.[14]
Baden-Powell was born Robert Stephenson Smyth Powell at 6 Stanhope Street (now 11 Stanhope Terrace), Paddington, London, on 22 February 1857. He was called Stephe (pronounced "Stevie") by his family.[15] He was named after his godfather, Robert Stephenson, the railway and civil engineer,[16] and his third name was his mother's surname.[17]
Baden-Powell had four older half-siblings from the second of his father's two previous marriages and was the fifth surviving child of his father's third marriage:[18]
- Warington (1847–1921)
- George (1847–1898)
- Augustus ("Gus") (1849–1863), who was often ill and died young
- Francis ("Frank") (1850–1933)
- Henrietta Smyth, 28 October 1851 – 9 March 1854
- John Penrose Smyth, 21 December 1852 – 14 December 1855
- Jessie Smyth 25 November 1855 – 24 July 1856
- B–P (22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941)
- Agnes (1858–1945)
- Baden (1860–1937)
The three children immediately preceding B–P had all died very young before he was born, so there was a seven-year gap between him and his next older brother Frank; so he and his two younger siblings were almost like a separate family, of which he was the eldest.[15]
Baden-Powell's father died when he was three. Subsequently, Baden-Powell was raised by his mother, a strong woman who was determined that her children would succeed. In 1933 he said of her "The whole secret of my getting on, lay with my mother."[15][19][20]
He attended Rose Hill School, Tunbridge Wells and was given a scholarship to Charterhouse, a prestigious public school named after the ancient Carthusian monastery buildings it occupied in the City of London.[21] However, while he was a pupil there, the school moved out to new purpose-built premises in the countryside near Godalming in Surrey. He played with dolls and learnt the piano and violin, was an ambidextrous artist, and enjoyed acting. Holidays were spent on yachting or canoeing expeditions with his brothers. Baden-Powell's first introduction to Scouting skills was through stalking and cooking games while avoiding teachers in the nearby woods, which were strictly out-of-bounds.[15][22]
Military career
In 1876, Baden-Powell joined the 13th Hussars in India with the rank of lieutenant. In 1880 he was charged with the task of drawing maps of the Battle of Maiwand. He enhanced and honed his military scouting skills amidst the Zulu in the early 1880s in the Natal Province of South Africa, where his regiment had been posted, and where he was mentioned in dispatches. Baden-Powell's skills impressed his superiors and in 1890 he was brevetted Major as military secretary and senior aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief and Governor of Malta, his uncle General Sir Henry Augustus Smyth.[15] He was posted to Malta for three years, also working as an intelligence officer for the Mediterranean for the Director of Military Intelligence.[15] He frequently travelled disguised as a butterfly collector, incorporating plans of military installations into his drawings of butterfly wings.[23] In 1884 he published Reconnaissance and Scouting.[24]
Baden-Powell returned to Africa in 1896, and served in the Second Matabele War, in the expedition to relieve British South Africa Company personnel under siege in Bulawayo.[25] This was a formative experience for him not only because he commanded reconnaissance missions into enemy territory in the Matopos Hills, but because many of his later Boy Scout ideas took hold here.[26] It was during this campaign that he first met and befriended the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, who introduced Baden-Powell to stories of the American Old West and woodcraft (i.e., Scoutcraft), and here that he was introduced to Montana Peaked version of a western cowboy hat, of which Stetson was a prolific manufacturer, and which also came to be known as a campaign hat and the many versatile and practical uses of a neckerchief.[15]
Baden-Powell was accused of illegally executing a prisoner of war in 1896, the Matabele chief Uwini, who had been promised his life would be spared if he surrendered.[27] Uwini was sentenced to be shot by firing squad by a military court, a sentence Baden-Powell confirmed. Baden-Powell was cleared by a military court of inquiry, but the colonial civil authorities wanted a civil investigation and trial. Baden-Powell later claimed he was "released without a stain on my character".[28]
After Rhodesia, Baden-Powell served in the Fourth Ashanti War on the Gold Coast. In 1897, at the age of 40, he was brevetted colonel (the youngest colonel in the British Army) and given command of the 5th Dragoon Guards in India.[29] A few years later he wrote a small manual, entitled Aids to Scouting, a summary of lectures he had given on the subject of military scouting, much of it a written explanation of the lessons he had learned from Burnham, to help train recruits.[30]
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Mafeking
Baden-Powell returned to South Africa before the Second Boer War. Although instructed to maintain a mobile mounted force on the frontier with the Boer Republics, Baden-Powell amassed stores and established a garrison at Mafeking. The subsequent Siege of Mafeking lasted 217 days. Although Baden-Powell could have destroyed his stores and had sufficient forces to break out throughout much of the siege, especially since the Boers lacked adequate artillery to shell the town or its forces, he remained in the town to the point of his intended mounted soldiers eating their horses. The town had been surrounded by a Boer army, at times above 8,000 men.[31]
The siege of the small town received much attention from both the Boers and international media because Lord Edward Cecil, the son of the British Prime Minister, was besieged in the town.[32][33] The garrison held out until relieved, in part thanks to cunning deceptions, many devised by Baden-Powell. Fake minefields were planted and his soldiers pretended to avoid non-existent barbed wire while moving between trenches.[34] Baden-Powell did much reconnaissance work himself.[35] In one instance, noting that the Boers had not removed the rail line, Baden-Powell loaded an armoured locomotive with sharpshooters and sent it down the rails into the heart of the Boer encampment and back again in a successful attack.[33]
A view expressed by historian Thomas Pakenham of Baden-Powell's actions during the siege argued that his success in resisting the Boers was secured at the expense of the lives of the native African soldiers and civilians, including members of his own African garrison. Pakenham claimed that Baden-Powell drastically reduced the rations to the native garrison.[36] However, in 2001, after subsequent research, Pakenham changed this view.[15][32]
During the siege, the Mafeking Cadet Corps of white boys below fighting age stood guard, carried messages, assisted in hospitals and so on, freeing grown men to fight. Baden-Powell did not form the Cadet Corps himself, and there is no evidence that he took much notice of them during the Siege. However, he was sufficiently impressed with both their courage and the equanimity with which they performed their tasks to use them later as an object lesson in the first chapter of Scouting for Boys.[37]
The siege was lifted on 17 May 1900.[38] Baden-Powell was promoted to major-general and became a national hero.[39] However, British military commanders were more critical of his performance and even less impressed with his subsequent choices to again allow himself to be besieged.[33][36] Ultimately, his failure to understand properly the situation, and abandonment of the soldiers, mostly Australians and Rhodesians, at the Battle of Elands River Pakenham claimed led to his being removed from action.[32][33]
After Mafeking
Briefly back in the United Kingdom in October 1901, Baden-Powell was invited to visit King Edward VII at Balmoral, the monarch's Scottish retreat, and personally invested as Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB).[40][41]
Baden-Powell was given the role of organising the South African Constabulary, a colonial police force,[33] but during this phase, Baden-Powell was sent to Britain on sick leave, so he was only in command for seven months.[33]
Baden-Powell returned to England to take up the post of Inspector-General of Cavalry in 1903. While holding this position, he was instrumental in reforming reconnaissance training in British cavalry, giving the force an important advantage in scouting ability over continental rivals.[42] Baden-Powell was a career cavalryman, but realised that cavalry was no match against the machine gun; however, his superiors, Kitchener and French, the latter also a career cavalryman, still regarded the cavalry as indispensable, with the result that cavalry was used in the First World War with little effect, yet the major item exported from Britain to Flanders during the War was horse fodder.[43]
In 1907, Baden-Powell was promoted to Lieutenant-General but was on the inactive list - possibly at his request, for this was when the Scout Movement was starting to "move", and Baden-Powell had his experimental camp on Brownsea Island (see below).[9]
In October 1907, Baden-Powell was appointed to the command of the Northumbrian Division of the newly formed Territorial Army. During this appointment, Baden-Powell selected the location of Catterick Garrison to replace Richmond Castle which was then the Headquarters of the Northumbrian Division.[44]
On 19 February 1909, Baden-Powell sailed in the SS Aragon via Portugal and Spain to South America, for what seems to have been just a holiday, a trip not related to either the Army or to Scouting. However, the Foreign Intelligence section in the Belfast Newsletter reported that when in March 1909 he visited Santiago de Chile for three days, "He was given a warmer reception than had ever been afforded a foreigner in South America."[45] He sailed back in the RMS Danube by 1 May 1909.[46]
In 1910, aged 53, Baden-Powell retired from the Army.[15] One account has it that Lord Kitchener said that he "could lay his hand on several competent divisional generals but could find no one who could carry on the invaluable work of the Boy Scouts".[47] Baden-Powell wrote that this came from the King, which seems more likely, as the King had introduced the King's Scout Award in 1909 and Army officers held a Commission signed by the King, while Kitchener had nothing to do with the Scout Movement.[48][49]
In 1915, Baden-Powell's book "My Adventures as a Spy" was published, which was interpreted as indicating that he had been active as a spy during that war.[50]
Scouting movement
Pronunciation of Baden-Powell
/ˈbeɪdən ˈpoʊəl/ BAY-dən POH-əl
Man, matron, maiden,
Please call it Baden.
Further for Powell,
Rhyme it with Noel
—Verse by B-P[51]
On his return from Africa in 1903, Baden-Powell found that his military training manual, Aids to Scouting, had become a best-seller, and was being used by teachers and youth organisations,[52] including Charlotte Mason's House of Education.[53] Following his involvement in the Boys' Brigade as a Brigade Vice-president and Officer in charge of its scouting section, with encouragement from his friend, William Alexander Smith, Baden-Powell decided to re-write Aids to Scouting to suit a youth readership. In August 1907, he held a camp on Brownsea Island to test out his ideas. About twenty boys attended: eight from local Boys' Brigade companies, and about twelve public school boys, mostly sons of his friends.[54]
Baden-Powell was also influenced by Ernest Thompson Seton, who founded the Woodcraft Indians. Seton gave Baden-Powell a copy of his book The Birch Bark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians and they met in 1906.[55][56] The first book on the Scout Movement, Baden-Powell's Scouting for Boys was published in six installments in 1908 and has sold approximately 150 million copies as the fourth best-selling book of the 20th century.[57]
Boys and girls[58] spontaneously formed Scout troops and the Scouting Movement started by itself, first as a national, and soon an international phenomenon.[59] A rally of Scouts was held at Crystal Palace in London in 1909, at which Baden-Powell met some of the first Girl Scouts of whom 6,000 had already been officially registered as Scouts. The Girl Guides were subsequently formed in 1910 under the auspices of Baden-Powell's sister, Agnes Baden-Powell.[60]
In 1912, Baden-Powell started a world tour with a voyage to the Caribbean. Another passenger was Juliette Gordon Low, an American who had been running a Guide Company in Scotland and was returning to the U.S.A. Baden-Powell encouraged her to found the Girl Scouts of the USA.[61]
In 1929, during the 3rd World Scout Jamboree, he received as a present a new 20-horsepower Rolls-Royce car (chassis number GVO-40, registration OU 2938) and an Eccles Caravan.[62] This combination well served the Baden-Powells in their further travels around Europe. The caravan was nicknamed Eccles and is now on display at Gilwell Park. The car, nicknamed Jam Roll, was sold after his death by Olave Baden-Powell in 1945. Jam Roll and Eccles were reunited at Gilwell for the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007. It has been purchased on behalf of Scouting and is owned by a charity, B–P Jam Roll Ltd. Funds are being raised to repay the loan that was used to purchase the car.[62][63]
Baden-Powell also had a positive impact on improvements in youth education.[64] Under his dedicated command, the World Scouting Movement grew. By 1922 there were more than a million Scouts in 32 countries; by 1939 the number of Scouts was over 3.3 million.[65]
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Some early Scouting "Thanks Badges" (from 1911) and the Scouting "Medal of Merit" badge had a swastika symbol on them.[66][67] This was undoubtedly influenced by the use by Rudyard Kipling of the swastika on the jacket of his published books,[68] including The Jungle Book, which was used by Baden-Powell as a basis for the Wolf Cub branch of the Scouting Movement. The swastika had been a symbol of luck in India long before being adopted by the Nazi Party in 1920, and when Nazi use of the swastika became more widespread, the Scouts stopped using it.[66]
Nazi Germany banned Scouting, a competitor to the Hitler Youth, in June 1934, seeing it as "a haven for young men opposed to the new State".[69] Based on the regime's view of Scouting as a dangerous espionage organisation, Baden-Powell's name was included in "The Black Book", a 1940 secret list of people to be detained following the planned conquest of the United Kingdom.[70] Baden-Powell never knew about the list or his inclusion in it, because the list was only made public in 1945, shortly after the defeat of the Nazis, and Baden-Powell died in 1941.[71][72] A drawing by Baden-Powell depicts Scouts assisting refugees fleeing from the Nazis and Hitler.[73][74] Tim Jeal, the author of the biography Baden-Powell, gives his opinion that "Baden-Powell's distrust of communism led to his implicit support, through naïveté, of fascism", an opinion based on two of B-P's diary entries. Baden-Powell met Benito Mussolini on 2 March 1933, and in his diary described him as "small, stout, human and genial. Told me about Balilla and workmen's outdoor recreations which he imposed through 'moral force'". On 17 October 1939, Baden-Powell wrote in his diary: "Lay up all day. Read Mein Kampf. A wonderful book, with good ideas on education, health, propaganda, organisation etc. – and ideals which Hitler does not practice himself."[15]
At the 5th World Scout Jamboree in 1937, Baden-Powell gave his farewell to Scouting and retired from public Scouting life. 22 February, the joint birthday of Robert and Olave Baden-Powell, continues to be marked as Founder's Day by Scouts and World Thinking Day by Guides to remember and celebrate the work of the Chief Scout and Chief Guide of the World.[75]
In his final letter to the Scouts, Baden-Powell wrote:
I have had a most happy life and I want each one of you to have a happy life too. I believe that God put us in this jolly world to be happy and enjoy life. Happiness does not come from being rich, nor merely being successful in your career, nor by self-indulgence. One step towards happiness is to make yourself healthy and strong while you are a boy, so that you can be useful and so you can enjoy life when you are a man. Nature study will show you how full of beautiful and wonderful things God has made the world for you to enjoy. Be contented with what you have got and make the best of it. Look on the bright side of things instead of the gloomy one. But the real way to get happiness is by giving out happiness to other people. Try and leave this world a little better than you found it and when your turn comes to die, you can die happy in feeling that at any rate you have not wasted your time but have done your best. "Be prepared" in this way, to live happy and to die happy – stick to your Scout Promise always – even after you have ceased to be a boy – and God help you to do it.[76]
Baden-Powell died on 8 January 1941: his grave is in St Peter's Cemetery in Nyeri, Kenya.[72] His gravestone bears a circle with a dot in the centre "ʘ", which is the trail sign for "Going home", or "I have gone home". His wife Olave moved back to England in 1942; after she died in 1977, her ashes were taken to Kenya by her grandson Robert and interred beside her husband.[77] In 2001, the Kenyan government declared Baden-Powell's grave a national monument.[78]
Writings and publications
Baden-Powell published books and other texts during his years of military service both to finance his life and to generally educate his men.[15]
- 1883 On Vedette: An Easy Aide-Mémoire[79]
- 1884: Reconnaissance and Scouting
- 1885: Cavalry Instruction
- 1889: Pigsticking or Hoghunting
- 1896: The Downfall of Prempeh. A diary of life with the native levy in Ashanti, 1895-96
- 1897: The Campaign in Rhodesia
- 1897: The Matabele Campaign; being a narrative of the campaign in suppressing the native rising in Matabeleland and Mashonaland
- 1899: Aids to Scouting for N.-C.Os and Men
- 1900: Sport in War
- 1901: Notes and Instructions for the South African Constabulary
- 1907: Sketches in Mafeking and East Africa
- 1910: British Discipline, Essay No.32 of Essays on Duty and Discipline[80][81]
- 1914: Quick Training for War
- 1915: Indian Memories (American title Memories of India)
- 1915: My Adventures as a Spy[23][82]
Baden-Powell was regarded as an excellent storyteller. During his whole life he told "ripping yarns" to audiences. After having published Scouting for Boys, Baden-Powell kept on writing more handbooks and educative materials for all Scouts, as well as directives for Scout Leaders. In his later years, he also wrote about the Scout movement and his ideas for its future. He spent most of the last two years of his life in Africa, and many of his later books had African themes.[15]
- 1908: Scouting for Boys
- 1909: The Scout Library No.4 Scouting Games - first published as a book by C. Arthur Pearson, Ltd., in 1910.
- 1909: Yarns for Boy Scouts
- 1912: The Handbook for the Girl Guides or How Girls Can Help to Build Up the Empire (co-authored with his younger sister Agnes Baden-Powell)
- 1913: Boy Scouts Beyond The Sea: My World Tour
- 1916: Young Knights of the Empire: Their Code, and Further Scout Yarns[83]
- 1916: The Wolf Cub's Handbook
- 1918: Girl Guiding
- 1919: Aids To Scoutmastership
- 1921: What Scouts Can Do: More Yarns
- 1921: An Old Wolf's Favourites
- 1922: Rovering to Success
- 1927: Life's Snags and How to Meet Them
- 1927: South African Tour 1926-7
- 1929: Scouting and Youth Movements
- est 1929: Last Message to Scouts[84]
- 1932: illustrated by B-P - He-who-sees-in-the-dark; the Boys' Story of Frederick Burnham, the American Scout[85]
- 1933: Lessons From the Varsity of Life - the American edition was titled Lessons of a Lifetime
- 1934: Adventures and Accidents
- 1935: Scouting Round the World
- 1936: Adventuring to Manhood
- 1937: African Adventures
- 1938: Birds and Beasts of Africa
- 1939: Paddle Your Own Canoe
- 1940: More Sketches Of Kenya
Most of his books (the American editions) are available online.[86]
Compilations and excerpts comprised:
- B.-P.'s Outlook: Selections from the Founder's contributions to "The Scouter" magazine from 1909–1940. C. Arthur Pearson Limited. 1955.
- Adventuring with Baden-Powell: Stories, yarns and essays. Blandford Press. 1956. ASIN B0000CJLLR.
- Dr. Mario Sica, ed. (2007). Playing the Game: A Baden-Powell Compendium. MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4050-8827-5.
- Fr. Carlo Muratori (2021). A Bibliographical Catalogue of Robert Baden-Powell: Complete bibliographic catalogue of the works in English. Bologna: Biblioteca Cappuccini.
Baden-Powell also contributed to various other books, either with an introduction or foreword, or being quoted by the author,
- 1905: Ambidexterity by John Jackson[87]
- 1930: Fifty years against the stream: The story of a school in Kashmir, 1880–1930 by E.D. Tyndale-Biscoe about the Tyndale Biscoe School[88][87]
A comprehensive bibliography of his original works has been published by Biblioteca Frati Minori Cappuccini.[89]
Art
Baden-Powell's father often sketched caricatures of those present at meetings, while his maternal grandmother was also artistic. Baden-Powell painted or sketched almost every day of his life, and with equal competence with either hand. Most of his works have a humorous or informative character.[15] His books are scattered with his pen-and-ink sketches, frequently whimsical. He did a largely unknown number of pen-and-ink sketches; he always travelled with a sketchpad that he used frequently for pencil sketches and "cartoons" for later watercolour paintings. He also created a few sculptures. There is no catalogue of his works, many of which appear in his books, and twelve paintings hang in the British Scout Headquarters at Gilwell Park. There was an exhibition of his work at the Willmer House Museum, Farnham, Surrey, from 11 April – 12 May 1967; a text-only catalogue was produced.[90]
Personal life
In January 1912, Baden-Powell was en route to New York on a Scouting World Tour, on the ocean liner SS Arcadian, when he met Olave St Clair Soames.[91][92] She was 23, while he was 55; they shared the same birthday, 22 February. They became engaged in September of the same year, causing a media sensation due to Baden-Powell's fame. To avoid press intrusion, they married in private on 30 October 1912, at St. Peter's Church, Parkstone.[93] 100,000 Scouts had each donated a penny (1d) to buy Baden-Powell a wedding gift, a 20 h.p. Standard motor car (not the Rolls-Royce they were presented in 1929).[94] There is a display about their marriage inside St Peter's Church, Parkstone.[95]
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The couple lived at Pax Hill near Bentley, Hampshire, named as such as it was bought on Armistice Day (11 November 1918).[96] The Bentley house was a gift from her father.[97] After they married, Baden-Powell began to suffer persistent headaches which were only relieved when he left the bed he and his wife shared. The headaches were considered by his doctor to be psychosomatic and were treated with dream analysis.[15][98]
In 1939, they moved to a cottage he had commissioned in Nyeri, Kenya, near Mount Kenya, where he had previously been to recuperate. The small one-room house, which he named Paxtu, was located on the grounds of the Outspan Hotel, owned by Eric Sherbrooke Walker, Baden-Powell's first private secretary and one of the first Scout inspectors.[15] Walker also owned the Treetops Hotel, approximately 10 miles (17 km) out in the Aberdare Mountains, often visited by Baden-Powell and people of the Happy Valley set. The Paxtu cottage is integrated into the Outspan Hotel buildings and serves as a small Scouting museum.[99]
Baden-Powell and his wife were parents of Arthur Robert Peter (1913–1962), who succeeded his father in the barony; Heather Grace (1915–1986), who married John Hall King (1913–2004) and had two sons, the elder of whom, Michael, was drowned in the sinking of SS Heraklion in 1966; and Betty St Clair (1917–2004).[100] When Olave's sister Auriol Davidson (née Soames) died in 1919, Olave and Robert took her three daughters into their family and brought them up.[101]
Three of Baden-Powell's many biographers comment on his sexuality; the first two (in 1979 and 1986) focused on his relationship with his close friend Kenneth McLaren.[102]: 217–218 [103]: 48 Tim Jeal's later (1989) biography discusses the relationship and finds no evidence that this friendship was erotic.[15]: 82 Jeal then examines Baden-Powell's views on women, his appreciation of the male form, his military relationships, and his marriage, concluding that, in his personal opinion, Baden-Powell was a repressed homosexual.[15]: 103 Jeal's arguments and conclusion are dismissed by Procter and Block (2009) as "amateur psychoanalysis", for which there is no physical evidence.[104]: 6
Commissions and promotions
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- Commissioned sub-lieutenant, 13th Hussars, 11 September 1876[105] (retroactively granted the rank of lieutenant from the same date on 17 September 1878[106])
- Captain, 13th Hussars, 16 May 1883[107]
- Major, 13th Hussars, 1 July 1890[109]
- Brevet lieutenant colonel, British Army, 25 March 1895[110]
- Lieutenant colonel, 13th Hussars, 25 April 1897[111]
- Major general, 23 May 1900[114]
- Inspector General of Cavalry, British Army, 1903
- Lieutenant general, 10 June 1907[115]
Recognition
In 1937, Baden-Powell was appointed to the Order of Merit, one of the most exclusive awards in the British honours system, and he was also awarded 28 decorations by foreign states, including the Grand Officer of the Portuguese Order of Christ,[116] the Grand Commander of the Greek Order of the Redeemer (1920),[117] the Commander of the French Légion d'honneur (1925), the First Class of the Hungarian Order of Merit (1929), the Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog of Denmark, the Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion, the Grand Cross of the Order of the Phoenix, and the Order of Polonia Restituta.[118]
The Silver Wolf Award was originally worn by Robert Baden-Powell.[119] The Bronze Wolf Award, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting, was first awarded to Baden-Powell by a unanimous decision of the then International Committee on the day of the institution of the Bronze Wolf in Stockholm in 1935. He was also the first recipient of the Silver Buffalo Award in 1926, the highest award conferred by the Boy Scouts of America.[120]
In 1927, at the Swedish National Jamboree, he was awarded by the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund with the "Großes Dankabzeichen des ÖPB.[121]: 113 In 1931, Baden-Powell received the highest award of the First Austrian Republic (Großes Ehrenzeichen der Republik am Bande) out of the hands of President Wilhelm Miklas.[121]: 101 Baden-Powell was also one of the first and few recipients of the Goldene Gemse, the highest award conferred by the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund.[122]
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In 1931, Major Frederick Russell Burnham dedicated Mount Baden-Powell[123] in California to his old Scouting friend from forty years before.[124][125] Today, their friendship is honoured in perpetuity with the dedication of the adjoining peak, Mount Burnham.[126]
Baden-Powell was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize on numerous occasions, including 10 separate nominations in 1928.[127] He was awarded the Wateler Peace Prize in 1937.[128] In 2002, Baden-Powell was named 13th in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote.[129] As part of the Scouting 2007 Centenary, Nepal renamed Urkema Peak to Baden-Powell Peak.[130]
In June 2020, following the George Floyd protests in Britain and the removal of the statue of Edward Colston in Bristol, the Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council (BCP Council) announced that a statue of Baden-Powell on Poole Quay would be removed temporarily for its protection, amid fears for its safety. Police believed it was on a list of monuments to be destroyed or removed,[131] and that it was a target for protestors due to perceptions that Baden-Powell had held homophobic and racist views.[132][133][134] The statue was installed by the BCP Council in 2008.[135]
Following opposition to its removal,[136] including from residents, and past and present scouts, some of whom camped nearby to ensure it stayed in place, BCP Council had the statue boarded up instead.[137] Mark Howell, deputy leader of the BCP Council was quoted as saying, "It is our intention that the boarding is removed at the earliest, safe opportunity."[138]
Honours – United Kingdom
| Ribbon | Description | Notes |
 | Ashanti Star | 1895 |
 | British South Africa Company Medal | 1896 |
 | Queen's South Africa Medal | 1896 |
.svg){kind=small} | Order of the Bath (CB) |
|
 | King's South Africa Medal |
|
 | Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) |
|
| Order of the Bath (KCB) |
|
 | King George V Coronation Medal |
|
_ribbon_-vector.svg){kind=small} | Venerable Order of St John (KStJ) |
|
| Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) |
|
 | Baronet (Bt) | |
 | Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) |
|
| Baron Baden-Powell, of Gilwell in the County of Essex |
| |
 | King George V Silver Jubilee Medal |
|
.svg){kind=small} | Order of Merit (OM) |
|
 | King George VI Coronation Medal |
|
Honours – Other countries
| Ribbon | Description | Notes |
 | Grand Officer of the Military Order of Christ (Portugal) |
|
 | Grand Commander of the Order of the Redeemer |
|
 | Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog |
|
_BAR.svg){kind=small} | Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion |
|
_5class_BAR.svg){kind=small}
| Knight of the Hungarian Order of Merit |
|
 | Grand Cross of the Order of the Phoenix |
|
 | Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau |
|
Arms
 |
|
Cultural depictions
- Actor Ron Moody portrays Baden-Powell in the 1972–1973 miniseries The Edwardians.[153]
See also
Notes
Further reading
External links
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