Goodsell Observatory

Goodsell Observatory is an observatory at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, United States. It was constructed in 1887 and was, at the time, the largest observatory in the state of Minnesota, the 6th largest in the U.S., and the 12th largest in the world. ^[2] The Goodsell Observatory and its predecessor, a smaller observatory that opened in 1878, served as a widely consulted timekeeping station, bringing national prominence to Carleton College in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.^[3]

Goodsell Observatory

Goodsell Observatory from the south
Organization	Carleton College
Observatory code	741
Location	Northfield, Minnesota, US
Coordinates	44°27′43″N 93°09′09″W
Altitude	290 meters
Weather	See the Clear Sky Clock
Established	1887
Website	www.carleton.edu/goodsell/
Telescopes
John Brashear 16.5-inch aperture refractor Alvan Clark 8.25-inch aperture refractor Goodsell Observatory--Carleton College U.S. National Register of Historic Places Area Less than one acre Built 1887 Architect Harvey Ellis Architectural style Romanesque Revival NRHP reference No. 75001025[1] Designated  May 12, 1975
Location of Goodsell Observatory
Related media on Commons

Goodsell Observatory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 for its national significance in the themes of architecture, communications, education, engineering, literature, and science.^[4] It was nominated for being one of the nation's few intact 19th-century observatories (complete with a large collection of vintage scientific equipment); and for its critical timekeeping service, its association with scientific literature (founder William W. Payne also founded the journal Popular Astronomy), its fine Romanesque Revival architecture, and continuous use as a teaching facility.^[5] Currently, both telescopes in the Observatory are used in astronomy classes as well as for monthly open house events to allow the public to observe. The building also houses a computer imaging lab used by astronomy students, an astronomy library, a historic 5" meridian circle, and other equipment used in the late 1800s and early 1900s for timekeeping purposes. The building also has space for more offices, a classroom, and has become home to Carleton's Sustainability Office.

Background

William W. Payne, one of Carleton's original professors, taught mathematics and natural philosophy, and established a course in astronomy during his first year at the college. The course grew into a program, and Carleton's president and board of trustees agreed to construct a small astronomical observatory on campus. It was Carleton's fifth building. Though small, the observatory housed instruments of the highest quality, including an 81⁄4-inch refractor by Alvan Clark & Sons and a 3-inch (7.6 cm) Fauth transit circle.^[3]

Shortly after the small observatory opened in 1878, a telegraph line was established from Carleton campus to central Northfield, and the observatory began transmitting a time signal at three minutes to noon each day. The signal was based on astronomical measurements and was picked up by cities throughout Minnesota, as well as area banks, jewelers, and the various railroad lines of the Northwest, including the Northern Pacific and the Great Northern.^[3] A U.S. Army Signal Corps station was placed at the observatory in 1881 and transmitted meteorological data to Washington, D.C. The facility also served as the headquarters of a state weather service from 1883 to 1886.^{[citation needed]}

Establishment and use

In 1886 the college purchased a brand new meridian circle with a gift of $5,000 from James J. Hill, whose railroads benefitted from Carleton's time service. The meridian circle was too big to fit in the existing building, so Carleton decided to build a new, larger observatory. The second observatory was designed by Harvey Ellis of the J. Walter Stevens architectural firm of Saint Paul. It was completed in 1887 and named after one of the college's founders, Charles M. Goodsell.^[3]

By 1888, time signals from Carleton's Goodsell Observatory were used on more than 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of railroad track. Railroad companies in the Northwest thought that the signal coming from Carleton was more accurate than the one transmitted by the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. Accurate time was important for avoiding collisions and keeping trains running on schedule.^[3]

In 1891 Goodsell Observatory was equipped with a 16.2-inch (41 cm) telescope produced by the famous John Brashear of Pennsylvania. The German equatorial mount was designed and fabricated by Warner & Swasey of Cleveland Ohio. It was then the twelfth-largest refractor in the world and sixth-largest in the United States.^{[citation needed]} The old observatory was made into a library and then torn down to make room for Laird Hall in 1905. The observatory acquired a sidereal clock in 1910.^[3] In 1922 Carleton professor Edward Fath constructed one of the nation's first photoelectric photometers in Goodsell.^{[citation needed]} The time service was continued until 1931 and the study of astronomy was prominent at Carleton well into the 20th century.^[3]

Goodsell served as the model for the Chamberlin Observatory at the University of Denver.^{[citation needed]}

The collection of meteorites on display in Goodsell was given to the college by the meteoriticist Harvey H. Nininger as payment-in-kind for his daughter's tuition in 1942.^{[citation needed]}

Goodsell Observatory in 1895

The 16.2 inch telescope in the main dome (contact printed from a 19th-century glass plate)

Publications

"Astronomy and Astro-Physics" redirects here. For the journal affiliated with the European Southern Observatory, see Astronomy & Astrophysics.

The observatory published The Sidereal Messenger from 1882 to 1892, later renamed Astronomy and Astro-Physics from 1893 to ~1896. In 1893, a successor publication, Popular Astronomy, was established.^[6]

See also

• List of astronomical observatories
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Rice County, Minnesota

References

This article incorporates text from MNopedia, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
2. Greene, Mark (1988). "A Science Not Earthbound". Carleton College.
3. Huber, Molly (2015-04-14). "Goodsell Observatory, Northfield". MNopedia. Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
4. "Goodsell Observatory, Carleton College". Minnesota National Register Properties Database. Minnesota Historical Society. 2009. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
5. Lutz, Thomas; Ruthmary Penick (1975-03-17). National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Goodsell Observatory (New Observatory) (Report). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
6. Smith, Horace A. (October 1980), "Popular Astronomy Magazine and the Development of Variable Star Observing in the United States", The Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 40–42, Bibcode:1980JAVSO...9...40S

• Headley, Leal and Merrill Jarchow, Carleton: The First Century, (Northfield, 1966).
• Leonard, Delavan, The History of Carleton College, (Chicago, 1904).

External links

• Goodsell Observatory