Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants

Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨ɹ⟩ / ⟨ð̠˕⟩ and ⟨ɹ̠⟩ in IPA From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants

The voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants are types of consonantal sounds used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants is ɹ, a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\.

Quick Facts ɹ, ð̠˕ ...
Voiced alveolar approximant
ɹ
ð̠˕
IPA number151
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɹ
Unicode (hex)U+0279
X-SAMPAr\
Braille
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Quick Facts ɹ̠, Audio sample ...
Voiced postalveolar approximant
ɹ̠
Audio sample
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The most common sound represented by the letter r in English is the voiced postalveolar approximant, pronounced a little more back and transcribed more precisely in IPA as ɹ̠, but ɹ is often used for convenience in its place. For further ease of typesetting, English phonemic transcriptions might use the symbol r even though this symbol represents the alveolar trill in phonetic transcription.

The bunched or molar r sounds remarkably similar to the postalveolar approximant and can be described as a voiced labial pre-velar approximant with tongue-tip retraction. It can be transcribed in IPA as ψ[1] or ɹ̈.

Features

Thumb
A schematic mid-sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced alveolar approximant [ɹ].
Thumb
A schematic mid-sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠].

Features of the voiced alveolar approximant:

Occurrence

Summarize
Perspective

Alveolar

More information Language, Word ...
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Albanianunknowngjelbër[ˈɟʑɛlbəɹ]'green'
ArmenianClassicalսուրճ[suɹtʃ]'coffee'
Assameseঙা (rônga)[ɹɔŋa]'red'
Assyrian Neo-AramaicAlqosh dialectܪܒ[ɹɑbɑ]'many'Corresponds to /ɾ/ in most other Assyrian dialects.
Tyari dialect
Bengali[2]আবা[abaɹ]'again'Phonetic realisation of /r/, especially in some Eastern Dialects and sometimes in conjunct before consonants. Corresponds to [r ~ ɾ] in others. See Bengali phonology
Burmese[3][4]ရိဘောဂ[pəɹḭbɔ́ɡa̰]'furniture'Occurs only in loanwords, mostly from Pali or English.
Chukchi[citation needed]ңирэк[ŋiɹek]'two'
Dahalo[5][káð̠˕i]'work'Apical. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̠/, and may be a weak fricative [ð̠] or simply a plosive [d] instead.[6]
DanishStandard[7][8][9]ved[ve̝ð̠˕ˠ]'at'Velarized and laminal; allophone of /d/ in the syllable coda.[7][8][9] For a minority of speakers, it may be a non-sibilant fricative instead.[9] See Danish phonology.
DutchCentral Netherlandicdoor[doːɹ]'through'Allophone of /r/ in the syllable coda for some speakers. See Dutch phonology.
Western Netherlandic
Leidenrat[ɹat]'rat'Corresponds to /r/ in other dialects.
Faroeseróður[ɹɔuwʊɹ]'rudder'See Faroese phonology.
German Moselle Franconian (Siegerland[10] and Westerwald[11] dialects) Rebe[ˈɹeːbə] 'vine'Most other dialects use a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ], a uvular trill [ʀ] or an alveolar trill [r]. See Standard German phonology.
Silesian
Upper Lusatian
Greek[12]μέρα ra[ˈmɛɹɐ]'day'Allophone of /ɾ/ in rapid or casual speech and between vowels. See Modern Greek phonology.
Icelandicbróðir[ˈprou̯ð̠˕ir]'brother'Usually apical. See Icelandic phonology.
LimburgishMontfortian dialect[13]maintenant[ˈmæ̃ːn˦ð̠˕ənɑ̃ː˨]'now'
Persianفارسی[fɒːɹˈsiː]'Persian'Allophone of /ɾ/ before /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, and /l/. See Persian phonology.
PortugueseMultiple Brazilian dialects, mostly inland Centro-Sul[14]amor[aˈmoɹˠ]'love'Allophone of /ɾ ~ ʁ/ in the syllable coda. Velarized, may also be retroflex, post-alveolar and/or a rhotic vowel. See Portuguese phonology.
SpanishAndalusian[15]doscientos[do̞(ɹ)ˈθje̞n̪t̪o̞s]'two hundred'Allophone of /s/ before [θ]. See Spanish phonology.
Belizeaninvierno[imˈbjeɹno]'winter'Possible realization of /r/ in the syllable coda due to English influence.
Caribbean Colombian
Puerto Rican
Costa Rican[16]carroˈkaɹo'car'Allophone of /r/, and of /ɾ/ before /l/. See Costa Rican Spanish.
SwedishCentral Standard[17]starkast[ˈs̪t̪äɹːkäs̪t̪]'strongest'Allophone of /r/. Some speakers have [ɾ] ([r] when geminated) in all positions. See Swedish phonology.
Tagalogparang[paɹaŋ]'like-'Allophone of the more usual and traditional flap or trill [ɾ ~ r] and is sometimes thus pronounced by some younger speakers due to exposure to mainstream English.
TurkishMarmara Regionartık[aɹtɯk]'excess, surplus'Occurs as an allophone of [ɾ] in syllable coda, in free variation with post-alveolar [ɹ̠]. See Turkish phonology.
VietnameseSaigon[18]ra[ɹa]'go out'In free variation with [ɾ], [r] and [ʐ]. See Vietnamese phonology.
ZapotecTilquiapan[19]r[ɹd̪ɨ]'pass'Allophone of /ɾ/ before consonants.
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Postalveolar

More information Language, Word ...
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
EnglishAustralianred[ɹ̠ʷed]'red'Often labialized. May also be a labialized retroflex approximant. For convenience it is often transcribed r. See Australian English phonology, English phonology, Rhoticity in English and Pronunciation of English /r/.
Most American dialects[20][ɹ̠ʷɛd]
Received Pronunciation
Igbo[21]rí[ɹ̠í]'eat'
Malay راتوس / ratus [ɹ̠ä.tos] 'hundred' More commonly trill [r] or flap [ɾ]. See Malay phonology
MalteseSome dialects[22]malajr[mɐˈlɐjɹ̠]'quickly'Corresponds to [ɾ ~ r] in other dialects.[22]
Shipibo[23]roro[ˈd̠ɹ̠o̽ɾ̠o̽]'to break into pieces'Pre-stopped. Possible word-initial realization of /r/.[23]
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As an allophone of other rhotic sounds, [ɹ] occurs in Edo, Fula, Murrinh-patha, and Palauan.[24]

See also

Notes

References

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