Vittarioideae

Vittarioideae is a subfamily of the fern family Pteridaceae, in the order Polypodiales.^[1][2] The subfamily includes the previous families Adiantaceae (adiantoids or maidenhair ferns) and Vittariaceae (vittarioids or shoestring ferns).^[3]

Vittarioideae
Adiantum lunulatum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Division:	Polypodiophyta
Class:	Polypodiopsida
Order:	Polypodiales
Family:	Pteridaceae
Subfamily:	Vittarioideae (C.Presl) Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel 1975
Genera
See text.
Synonyms
Adiantoideae (C.Presl) R.M.Tryon

Description

The subfamily includes two distinct groups of ferns: the adiantoids, consisting of the single genus Adiantum, and the vittarioids, several genera, including Vittaria, which typically have highly reduced leaves, usually entire, and an epiphytic habit. The ferns historically considered as Adiantum include both petrophilic and terrestrial plants. The vittarioid ferns are primarily epiphytic in tropical regions and all have simple leaves with sori that follow the veins and lack true indusia; the sori are most often marginal with a false indusium formed from the reflexed leaf margin. The family also includes a species, Vittaria appalachiana, that is highly unusual in that the sporophyte stage of the life cycle is absent. This species consists solely of photosynthetic gametophytes that reproduce asexually.^{[citation needed]}

Taxonomy

Molecular phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the vittarioid ferns were nested within the genus Adiantum as it was originally circumscribed, making that genus paraphyletic. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is treated as the subfamily Vittarioideae] of the family Pteridaceae.^[1]

The following diagram shows a likely phylogenetic relationship between the Vittarioideae and other subfamilies of the Pteridaceae.^[4][5]

Pteridaceae	Cryptogrammoideae Parkerioideae (syn. Ceratopteridoideae) Pteridoideae Cheilanthoideae Vittarioideae

History

The first suprageneric classification based on Vittaria was made by Carl Borivoj Presl in 1836, who erected the tribe Vittariaceae to contain the genera Vittaria and Prosaptia, the latter now included in the grammitid ferns. He invented the new genus Haplopteris to accommodate another group of simple-leaved ferns separated from Pteris, but placed it in tribe Adiantaceae instead, due to the location of its sori just behind the leaf margin.^[6]

In his 1911 treatment of the tribe, Ralph Benedict adopted a circumscription similar to modern treatments, within which he recognized the genera Ananthacorus, Anetium, Antrophyum, Hecistopteris, Monogramma, Polytaenium, and Vittaria. He described Radiovittaria as a subgenus of Vittaria, subsumed Scoliosorus within Polytaenium as doubtfully worthy of subgeneric rank, while Rheopteris had not yet been discovered.^[7] Haplopteris he explicitly synonymized with Vittaria in 1914.^[8]

Carl Christensen used the name "Vittarioideae" in Verdoorn's Manual of Pteridology in 1938, but did not include a description, leaving it nomenclaturally invalid. Ren-Chang Ching raised Vittariaceae to the rank of a family in 1940.^[9]

The first well-sampled molecular phylogenetic study of the vittarioids was based on the chloroplast gene rbcL. In this study, it was found that the type species of Monogramma is embedded in Haplopteris; the segregation of Vaginularia from Monogramma was also supported, as members of Vaginularia formed a clade sister to Rheopteris and distant from Monogramma sensu stricto.^[10] A later molecular phylogeny, published in 2016, established the genus Antrophyopsis (formerly a subgenus of Antrophyum) for three species placed in Scoliosorus but more distant from the type of that genus than Antrophyum. This treatment also sank Anetium into Polytaenium and Monogramma into Haplopteris.^[11] Since the name Monogramma has taxonomic priority over Haplopteris, a proposal to reject Monogramma in favor of Haplopteris has been put forth to conserve the name and comparatively stable circumscription of Haplopteris.^[12]

Genera

The following genera are recognized in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I):^[1]

• Adiantum L.
• Ananthacorus Underw. & Maxon
• Antrophyopsis (Benedict) Schuettp.
• Antrophyum Kaulf.
• Haplopteris C.Presl
• Hecistopteris J.Sm.
• Polytaenium Desv.
• Radiovittaria (Benedict) E.H.Crane
• Rheopteris Alston
• Scoliosorus T.Moore
• Vaginularia Fée
• Vittaria Sm.

The following phylogeny for the currently recognized genera of the subfamily was presented by Schuettpelz et al.:^[5]

Vittarioideae	Adiantum Rheopteris Vaginularia Hecistopteris Radiovittaria Haplopteris (including Monogramma s.s.) Antrophyopsis Antrophyum Polytaenium Scoliosorus Ananthacorus Vittaria

References

1. PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229.
2. Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Zhang, Xian-Chun; Schneider, Harald (2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 19: 7–54. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2.
3. Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Korall, Petra; Schneider, Harald; Wolf, Paul G. (2006). "A classification for extant ferns" (PDF). Taxon. 55 (3): 705–731. doi:10.2307/25065646. JSTOR 25065646.
4. Schuettpelz & Pryer (2008) "Fern phylogeny" in Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes^{[permanent dead link]}, ed. Tom A. Ranker and Christopher H. Haufler. Cambridge University Press 2008
5. Schuettpelz et al. (2007) Archived 2008-08-20 at the Wayback Machine Eric Schuettpelz, Harald Schneider, Layne Huiet, Michael D. Windham, Kathleen M. Pryer: "A molecular phylogeny of the fern family Pteridaceae: Assessing overall relationships and the affinities of previously unsampled genera." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44 (2007) 1172–1185
6. Presl, Carl Borivoj (1836). Tentamen Pteridologiae. Prague: Filiorum Theophili Haase. pp. 141, 164.
7. Benedict, Ralph C. (1911). "The genera of the fern tribe Vittarieae". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 38 (4): 153–190. doi:10.2307/2479298. hdl:2027/nnc1.cu56099444. JSTOR 2479298.
8. Benedict, Ralph C. (1914). "A revision of the genus Vittaria J. E. Smith". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 41 (8): 391–410. doi:10.2307/2479721. JSTOR 2479721.
9. Ching, Ren-Chang (1940). "On natural classification of the family Polypodiaceae". Sunyatsenia. 5: 232.
10. Bradley Ruhfel, Stuart Lindsay, and Charles C. Davis. 2008. "Phylogenetic Placement of Rheopteris and the Polyphyly of Monogramma (Pteridaceae s.l.): Evidence from rbcL Sequence Data". Systematic Botany 33(1):37-43, doi:10.1600/036364408783887410
11. Schuettpelz, Eric; Chen, Cheng-Wei; Kessler, Michael; Pinson, Jerald B.; Johnson, Gabriel; Davila, Alex; Cochran, Alyssa T.; Huiet, Layne; Pryer, Kathleen M. (August 2016). "A revised generic classification of vittarioid ferns (Pteridaceae) based on molecular, micromorphological, and geographic data" (PDF). Taxon. 65 (4): 708–722. doi:10.12705/654.2.
12. Chen, Cheng Wei; Schuettpelz, Eric; Lindsay, Stuart; Middleton, David J. (August 2016). "Proposal to conserve the name Haplopteris against Monogramma (Pteridaceae)". Taxon. 65 (4): 884–885. doi:10.12705/654.19.