2016 Philippine general election

For specific elections, see 2016 Philippine presidential election, 2016 Philippine Senate election, 2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections, and 2016 Philippine gubernatorial elections.

A general election in the Philippines took place on May 9, 2016, for executive and legislative branches for all levels of government – national, provincial, and local, except for the barangay officials.

2016 Philippine general election

← 2013 2019 →
Registered	55,739,911
Turnout	44,979,151
Presidential election
← 2010 2022 →
Candidate Rodrigo Duterte Mar Roxas Grace Poe Party PDP–Laban Liberal Independent Running mate Alan Peter Cayetano Leni Robredo Francis Escudero Popular vote 16,601,997 9,978,175 9,100,991 Percentage 39.02% 23.45% 21.39%
President before election Benigno Aquino III Liberal Elected President Rodrigo Duterte[1] PDP–Laban
Vice presidential election
← 2010 2022 →
Candidate Leni Robredo Bongbong Marcos Alan Peter Cayetano Party Liberal Independent Independent Popular vote 14,418,817 14,155,344 5,903,379 Percentage 35.11% 34.77% 14.38%
Vice President before election Jejomar Binay UNA Elected Vice President Leni Robredo Liberal
Senate election
← 2013 2019 →
12 (of the 24) seats to the Senate of the Philippines 13 seats needed for a majority
Alliance KDM PGP UNA Seats won 7 4 1 Popular vote 140,756,973 32,154,139 24,660,722 Percentage 43.81% 30.83% 7.68%
Senate President before election Franklin Drilon Liberal Elected Senate President Koko Pimentel PDP–Laban
House of Representatives election
← 2013 2019 →
All 297 seats in the House of Representatives of the Philippines 149 seats needed for a majority
Party % Seats +/– Liberal 41.72 115 +6 NPC 17.04 42 0 NUP 9.67 23 −1 Nacionalista 9.42 24 +6 UNA 6.62 11 +3 Others 12.41 22 −2 Party-list — 59 0 This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below. Speaker before Speaker after Feliciano Belmonte Jr. Liberal Pantaleon Alvarez PDP–Laban

At the top of the ballot was the election for successors to Philippine President Benigno Aquino III and Vice President Jejomar Binay. There were also elections for:^[2]

• 12 seats to the Senate;
• All 297 seats to the House of Representatives;
• All governors, vice governors, and 772 seats to provincial boards for 81 provinces;
• All mayors and vice mayors for 145 cities and for 1,489 municipalities;
• All members of the city councils and 11,924 seats on municipal councils; and
• Governor, vice governor and all 24 seats in the regional assembly of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.

The regional elections for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) were scheduled for May 9, but that would have changed if the Bangsamoro political entity had replaced the ARMM. The ARMM elections pushed through, as scheduled.

Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections were scheduled for October 2016, but were postponed to 2017. Congress postponed anew to barangay elections to May 2018.

Elections are organized, run, and adjudicated by the Commission on Elections better known as COMELEC with appeals under certain conditions allowed to the Regional Trial Courts, the Congress of the Philippines, or the Supreme Court of the Philippines sitting as the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal, the Senate Electoral Tribunal, or the Presidential Electoral Tribunal.

Preparation

Logo of the 2016 NLE used in official election awareness campaigns.

Instructions on how to vote posted outside polling precincts during the election.

Commission on Elections membership

On May 4, 2015, President Benigno Aquino III appointed Presidential Commission on Good Government chairman Andres D. Bautista as chairman, and former Commission on Audit member Rowena Guanzon and Bangsamoro Business Club's board chairman Sherif Abas as commissioners. Bautista replaced Sixto Brillantes, while Guanzon and Abas replaced Lucenito Tagle and Elias Yusoph, who all retired in February 2015. All appointees will serve until February 2022.^[3]

A few days after the announcement, it was revealed that Abas is a nephew of Mohagher Iqbal, the chief negotiator of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front. Bautista said that Abas confirmed to him that he is Iqbal's nephew. Iqbal neither confirmed nor denied their relationship, calling it is a non-issue, and that there's nothing wrong if his nephew is appointed to a sensitive position.^[4]

Bautista was confirmed by the Commission on Appointments on September 21; meanwhile, Abas' confirmation was deferred because Senator Alan Peter Cayetano, who was not present when Bautista was confirmed, still had questions to ask Abas.^[5]

Voter registration

Main article: Voter registration in the Philippines

The commission started voter registration for the elections on May 6, 2014, to October 31, 2015. Under the law, the 9.6 million registered voters who do not have biometrics attached their registration will not be allowed to vote.^[6] Voter registration was suspended from October 12 to 16 to give way to the filing of candidacies. From October 17 to 31, the commission would extend its hours up to 9:00 p.m. to accommodate last minute registrants.^[7]

Voter registration was suspended in Puerto Princesa from April 20 to May 17, 2015, because of the 2015 mayoral recall election. The Voters' Registration Act prohibits voter registration during recall elections.^[8]

In June 2015, the commission denied reports that some voters' biometrics were lost, saying that they were only "degraded," and that "two thousand" voters would have to have their biometrics taken again.^[9] A month later, the commission opened booths in Metro Manila and Luzon to further registration. By that time, there were still 4.3 million voters with incomplete biometrics.^[10] The commission, seeing the successful turnout for registration at the malls, mulled holding the elections itself inside such malls.^[11] The commission's en banc had already approved "in principle" the mall voting process.^[12] Near the end of the month, the commission said that the number of voters without biometrics has decreased to 3.8 million.^[13]

By mid-August, the commission announced that they had purged 1.3 million records from the voters' list, including the deceased and voters who did not vote in the two immediate preceding elections, the 2013 general and 2013 barangay, and that voters without biometrics had fallen to 3.5 million.^[14] By August 30, the number of registered voters without biometrics data had fallen to 3.1 million; this was after a Social Weather Stations poll came out that as much as 9.7 million people still had not updated their biometrics yet and could be disenfranchised.^[15]

The Commission on Elections concluded the 17-month registration on October 31, and offered no extension, except for voters in Cagayan Valley which was devastated by Typhoon Lando, who were given until the next day to finish theirs. This was despite a petition to the Supreme Court by the Kabataan party-list to extend registration until January 8, 2016.^[16] Acting on the said petition, the Supreme Court issued a restraining order on the No Bio, No Boto mandatory voters biometrics campaign on December 1.^[17] It was later lifted after 16 days.

Counting machines

Main article: Vote counting in the Philippines

The 2016 general elections represented the largest electronic vote counting exercise in history as 92,509 vote counting machines were used to digitize voter-marked ballots and transmit the results to the Municipal Board of Canvassers.

In April 2015, the counting machines were leased from London-based Smartmatic after the Supreme Court of the Philippines invalidated the 300 million-peso contract between the Commission and the Smartmatic-TIM consortium for diagnostics and repair of 80,000 Precinct Count Optical Scan (PCOS) machines. The court said that the commission "failed to justify its resort to direct contracting."^[18]

Two months later, the Commission conducted a mock election where a "hybrid" system of manual counting and electronic transmission of results was tested out. Gus Lagman, former elections commissioner and a proponent of the hybrid system, pointed out the system's money-saving advantage and reliability, as opposed to full automation where the results can be manipulated.^[19] Meanwhile, the Commission overturned its self-imposed disqualification of Smartmatic from bidding on counting machines.^[20]

Senator Francis Escudero disapproved of the use of the hybrid system, saying "it brings back memories of the Hello Garci controversy".^[21] A few days later, the Commission informed the House of Representatives Committee on Suffrage and Electoral Reforms that they had decided not to use the hybrid system.^[22]

On a House of Representatives committee hearing held on late July, Elections chairman Andres Bautista told lawmakers that the Commission had decided to award Smartmatic-TIM a 1.7 billion peso contract to lease 23,000 OMR counting machines.^[23] Days later, the Commission declared the bidding for the refurbishing 80,000 machines as a failure, after two of the three bidders backed out, while the third was disqualified.^[24]

On August 13, the Commission agreed to lease 94,000 new OMR machines for 7.9 billion pesos, while the old machines used for 2010 and 2013 elections would be used for the 2019 elections.^[25]

By September, the Commission sought the transfer the site manufacturing the voting machines from China to Taiwan after it received intelligence reports from the military in July that China might sabotage the elections. Smartmatic, the manufacturer of the machines, acquiesced to the request. China, meanwhile, denied any plans of sabotaging the election, calling it "sheer fabrication."^[26] Smartmatic also won the contract worth P500 million for the electronic results transmission services of the voting machines.^[27]

On March 4, the Commission unanimously voted to disallow the issuance of voting receipt to voters, although onscreen verification was allowed, which would take an additional 15 seconds per voter.^[28]

The Commission eventually aborted mall voting and allowed the use of replacement ballots.^[29]

Results transmission

Election authorities, with the help of election services provider Smartmatic, created a Virtual private network (VPN) for the secure and reliable transmission of electoral data. To guarantee nationwide coverage, Smartmatic coordinated the main telecom companies in the Philippines.

This VPN was used to transmit the votes of over 44 million citizens from 36.805 polling centres. On election night, 4 hours after the polls closed, 80% vote counting machines had transmitted the election data, setting a new record for the Philippines.^[30]

Speed was one of the main reasons why Philippine authorities decided to automate elections. As an archipelago comprising over 7,000 islands, several of which lack a proper communications infrastructure, the transmission of results posed a challenge.

Bans

Gun Ban

The election gun ban was implemented starting from January 9, 2016, the official start of the 90-day election period. Francisco Pobe, regional director of COMELEC-13, also pointed out that the candidate should not bring bodyguards without gun ban exemption.^[31] Go Act, a pro-gun group formed by gun owners filed a petition before the Supreme Court to fully stop the implementation of the election gun ban.^[32]

Calendar

On August 18, 2015, the commission released the calendar of activities for the May 9, 2016 national and local elections:^[33]

Activity	Start	End	Length of time
Voter registration	May 6, 2014	October 31, 2015	15.5 months
Holding of political conventions	September 12, 2015	September 30, 2015	25 days
Filing of candidacies and nominees of party-list groups	October 12, 2015	October 16, 2015	5 days
Election period	January 10, 2016	June 15, 2016	6 months
Campaign period for president, vice president, senators and party-lists	February 9, 2016	May 7, 2016	3 months
Campaign period for district representatives and local officials	March 26, 2016		1.5 months
Campaign ban for Holy Week	March 24, 2016	March 25, 2016	2 days
Casting of ballots of overseas absentee voters	April 9, 2016	May 9, 2016	1 month
Casting of ballots of local absentee voters	April 27, 2016	April 29, 2016	3 days
Campaign ban	May 8, 2016	May 9, 2016	2 days
Election Day	6:00 a.m. of May 9, 2016	5:00 p.m. of May 9, 2016	11 hours
Term of office winning candidates for local officials and representatives	June 30, 2016	June 30, 2019	3 years
Term of office winning candidates for president, vice president and senators		June 30, 2022	6 years
First session day of the 17th Congress and State of the Nation Address	July 25, 2016		—

Following a request by the Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines, the commission extended the period for holding political conventions to October 8, 2015.^[34] The commission did not extend the deadline of filing of candidacies, though.^[35]

The commission originally envisioned to release an "almost" final list of candidates on December 15, but postponed it to December 23.^[36] The commission did release a "final list" of vice presidential candidates on December 23, but Chairman Andres D. Bautista that disqualification cases on other positions led them to postpone the release to January 20, when the commission is expected to resolve all disqualification cases.^[37]

On January 21, the commission released an "initial" list of candidates for all positions. The list is subject to trimming as the disqualification cases on presidential, vice presidential and senatorial cases are to be resolved with finality.^[38]

Debates

The Commission on Elections held three debates for presidential candidates—in Mindanao last February 2016, in Visayas last March 2016, and in Luzon last April 2016. A vice-presidential debate was also held in Metro Manila last April 10, 2016.^[39]

The commission identified the media entities who had covered the debates: GMA Network (E16: Eleksyon 2016) and Philippine Daily Inquirer (February 21), TV5 (Bilang Pilipino: Boto sa Pagbabago 2016 – English: As a Filipino: Vote for Change 2016) and Philippine Star (March 20), CNN Philippines (The Filipino Votes), Business Mirror, and Rappler (April 10), and ABS-CBN (Halalan 2016: Ipanalo ang Pamilyang Pilipino – English: Election 2016: Winning the Filipino Family) and Manila Bulletin (April 24).^[40]

The commission also encouraged non-governmental organizations to hold debates for Senate and local positions.

Candidates

Main articles: Candidates in the 2016 Philippine presidential election and Candidates in the 2016 Philippine Senate election

Liberal Party Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid For President 5. Mar Roxas Liberal For Vice President 5. Leni Robredo Liberal For Senators 4. Ina Ambolodto Liberal 12. Leila de Lima Liberal 15. Franklin Drilon Liberal 19. TG Guingona Liberal 20. Risa Hontiveros Akbayan 25. Panfilo Lacson Independent 27. Mark Lapid Aksyon 37. Cresente Paez Independent 40. Francis Pangilinan Liberal 41. Jericho Petilla Liberal 42. Ralph Recto Liberal 49. Joel Villanueva Liberal

Partido Galing At Puso Partido Galing at Puso For President 4. Grace Poe Independent For Vice President 2. Chiz Escudero Independent For Senators 11. Neri Colmenares Makabayan 13. Isko Moreno PMP 17. Win Gatchalian NPC 18. Dick Gordon Independent 22. Lorna Kapunan Aksyon 30. Edu Manzano Independent 34. Susan Ople Nacionalista 38. Samuel Pagdilao Independent 42. Ralph Recto (Guest) Liberal 44. Roman Romulo Independent 46. Tito Sotto NPC 50. Migz Zubiri Independent

Tapang At Malasakit Tapang At Malasakit For President 3. Rodrigo Duterte PDP–Laban For Vice President 1. Alan Peter Cayetano Independent For Senators 3. Raffy Alunan Independent 7. Greco Belgica Independent 9. Sandra Cam PMP 28. Dante Liban Independent 18. Richard Gordon* Independent 22. Lorna Kapunan* Aksyon 34. Susan Ople* Nacionalista 35. Serge Osmeña* Independent 38. Samuel Pagdilao* Independent 45. Dionisio Santiago* Independent 47. Francis Tolentino* Independent 44. Roman Romulo* Independent *Guest candidate

Talino At ProgresiBong Bukas People's Reform Party For President 2. Miriam Defensor Santiago PRP For Vice President 4. Bongbong Marcos Independent For Senators 16. Larry Gadon KBL 29. Romeo Maganto Lakas 43. Martin Romualdez Lakas 45. Dionisio Santiago Independent 47. Francis Tolentino Independent 13. Isko Moreno* PMP 30. Edu Manzano* Independent 34. Susan Ople* Nacionalista 36. Manny Pacquiao* UNA 41. Jericho Petilla* Liberal 42. Ralph Recto* Liberal 49. Joel Villanueva* Liberal *Guest candidate

United Nationalist Alliance United Nationalist Alliance For President 1. Jojo Binay UNA For Vice President 3. Gringo Honasan UNA For Senators 23. Jacel Kiram UNA 24. Alma Moreno UNA 26. Rey Langit UNA 31. Allan Montaño UNA 33. Getulio Napeñas UNA 36. Manny Pacquiao UNA 18. Dick Gordon* Independent 25. Ping Lacson* Independent 34. Susan Ople* Nacionalista 43. Martin Romualdez* Lakas 46. Tito Sotto* NPC 50. Migz Zubiri* Independent *Guest candidate

PMM Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka For Senators 2. Aldin Ali LM 10. Melchor Chavez LM Independents Independents not in tickets # Name Party For President 6. Antonio Trillanes Independent For Senators 1. Shariff Albani Independent 5. Godofredo Arquiza Independent 6. Levito Baligod Independent 8. Walden Bello Independent 14. Ray Dorona Independent 21. Eid Kabalu Independent 32. Ramon Montaño Independent 35. Serge Osmeña Independent 39. Jovito Palparan Independent 48. Diosdado Valeroso Independent

Results

Rodrigo Duterte of PDP–Laban and Leni Robredo of the Liberal Party won the presidential and vice presidential elections, respectively. The Liberals also won a plurality of seats in both houses of Congress, but several of the Liberal Party members of the House of Representatives jumped ship to Duterte's PDP–Laban, allowing his party to create a supermajority coalition that put Pantaleon Alvarez into the Speakership. The Senate leadership was ultimately won by PDP–Laban's Koko Pimentel, with the Liberals ultimately comprising the minority bloc there. The election of Alvarez and Pimentel meant that PDP–Laban currently holds three of the four elected highest political offices, for the first time since 1986 when the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan held the offices of the presidency, vice presidency, parliamentary speaker and prime minister.

2016 Election Turnout

President

Main article: 2016 Philippine presidential election

Results of the presidential election per province, denoting the provinces and cities won by each candidate.

The winner of the presidential election succeeded President Benigno Aquino III, who was term limited. A separate election was held to determine the Vice Presidency; Jejomar Binay could have defended the vice presidency, but ran for president instead. Both elections were under the plurality voting system.

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Rodrigo Duterte	PDP–Laban	16,601,997	39.02
	Mar Roxas	Liberal Party	9,978,175	23.45
	Grace Poe	Independent	9,100,991	21.39
	Jejomar Binay	United Nationalist Alliance	5,416,140	12.73
	Miriam Defensor Santiago	People's Reform Party	1,455,532	3.42
Total			42,552,835	100.00
Valid votes			42,552,835	94.61
Invalid/blank votes[lower-alpha 1]			2,426,316	5.39
Total votes			44,979,151	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			55,739,911	80.69
Source: Congress

1. Includes 25,779 votes for Roy Señeres (Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka) who withdrew and died after the ballots were printed.

Vice president

Results of the vice presidential election per province, denoting the provinces and cities won by each candidate.

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Leni Robredo	Liberal Party	14,418,817	35.11
	Bongbong Marcos[lower-alpha 1]	Independent[lower-alpha 2]	14,155,344	34.47
	Alan Peter Cayetano[lower-alpha 3]	Independent[lower-alpha 2]	5,903,379	14.38
	Francis Escudero[lower-alpha 4]	Independent	4,931,962	12.01
	Antonio Trillanes[lower-alpha 5]	Independent[lower-alpha 2]	868,501	2.11
	Gregorio Honasan	United Nationalist Alliance	788,881	1.92
Total			41,066,884	100.00
Valid votes			41,066,884	91.30
Invalid/blank votes			3,912,267	8.70
Total votes			44,979,151	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			55,739,911	80.69
Source: Congress

1. Running mate of Miriam Defensor Santiago (People's Reform Party)
2. Nacionalista Party member running as an independent
3. Running mate of Rodrigo Duterte (PDP–Laban)
4. Running mate of Grace Poe (independent)
5. Supporting Grace Poe (independent)

Congress

Senate

Main article: 2016 Philippine Senate election

Composition of the Senate on June 30, 2016.

Provincial results of the Senate election, denoting which party won a plurality of votes per province; Metro Manila at the inset. Note that seats are allocated on the nationwide vote.

12 seats of the Senate of the Philippines were up for election. The Philippines uses plurality-at-large voting to determine the winning candidates. With the country as one at-large "district", the twelve candidates with the highest number of votes joined the winners of the 2013 election in the Senate.

Candidate		Party or alliance			Votes	%
	Franklin Drilon	Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid		Liberal Party	18,607,391	41.37
	Joel Villanueva	Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid[lower-alpha 1]		Liberal Party	18,459,222	41.04
	Tito Sotto	Partido Galing at Puso[lower-alpha 2]		Nationalist People's Coalition	17,200,371	38.24
	Panfilo Lacson	Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid[lower-alpha 2]		Independent	16,926,152	37.63
	Dick Gordon	Partido Galing at Puso[lower-alpha 2]		Independent	16,719,322	37.17
	Migz Zubiri	Partido Galing at Puso[lower-alpha 2]		Independent	16,119,165	35.84
	Manny Pacquiao	United Nationalist Alliance[lower-alpha 1]			16,050,546	35.68
	Francis Pangilinan	Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid		Liberal Party	15,955,949	35.47
	Risa Hontiveros	Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid		Akbayan	15,915,213	35.38
	Win Gatchalian	Partido Galing at Puso		Nationalist People's Coalition	14,953,768	33.25
	Ralph Recto	Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 3]		Liberal Party	14,271,868	31.73
	Leila de Lima	Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid		Liberal Party	14,144,070	31.45
	Francis Tolentino	People's Reform Party		Independent	12,811,098	28.48
	Serge Osmeña	Independent			12,670,615	28.17
	Martin Romualdez	People's Reform Party[lower-alpha 2]		Lakas–CMD	12,325,824	27.40
	Isko Moreno	Partido Galing at Puso[lower-alpha 1]		Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino	11,126,944	24.74
	TG Guingona	Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid		Liberal Party	10,331,157	22.97
	Jericho Petilla	Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid[lower-alpha 1]		Liberal Party	7,046,580	15.67
	Mark Lapid	Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid		Aksyon Demokratiko	6,594,190	14.66
	Neri Colmenares	Partido Galing at Puso		Makabayan	6,484,985	14.42
	Edu Manzano	Partido Galing at Puso		Independent	5,269,539	11.72
	Roman Romulo	Partido Galing at Puso		Independent	4,824,484	10.73
	Susan Ople	Partido Galing at Puso[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2]		Nacionalista Party	2,775,191	6.17
	Alma Moreno	United Nationalist Alliance			2,432,224	5.41
	Greco Belgica	Independent			2,100,985	4.67
	Rafael Alunan III	Independent			2,032,362	4.52
	Larry Gadon	Kilusang Bagong Lipunan			1,971,327	4.38
	Rey Langit	United Nationalist Alliance			1,857,630	4.13
	Lorna Kapunan	Partido Galing at Puso		Aksyon Demokratiko	1,838,978	4.09
	Dionisio Santiago	People's Reform Party		Independent	1,828,305	4.06
	Samuel Pagdilao	Partido Galing at Puso		Independent	1,755,949	3.90
	Melchor Chavez	Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka			1,736,822	3.86
	Getulio Napeñas	United Nationalist Alliance			1,719,576	3.82
	Ina Ambolodto	Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid		Liberal Party	1,696,558	3.77
	Allan Montaño	United Nationalist Alliance			1,605,073	3.57
	Walden Bello	Independent			1,091,194	2.43
	Jacel Kiram	United Nationalist Alliance			995,673	2.21
	Shariff Ibrahim Albani	Independent			905,610	2.01
	Jovito Palparan	Independent			855,297	1.90
	Cresente Paez	Independent			808,623	1.80
	Sandra Cam	Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino			805,756	1.79
	Dante Liban	Independent			782,249	1.74
	Ramon Montaño	Independent			759,263	1.69
	Aldin Ali	Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka			733,838	1.63
	Romeo Maganto	Lakas–CMD			731,021	1.63
	Godofredo Arquiza	Independent			680,550	1.51
	Levito Baligod	Independent			596,583	1.33
	Diosdado Valeroso	Independent			527,146	1.17
	Ray Dorona	Independent			495,191	1.10
	Eid Kabalu	Independent			379,846	0.84
Total					321,307,273	100.00
Total votes					44,979,151	–
Registered voters/turnout					55,739,911	80.69
Source: COMELEC

1. Guest candidate of People's Reform Party
2. Guest candidate of United Nationalist Alliance
3. Guest candidate of Partido Galing at Puso

House of Representatives

Main article: 2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections

Results of the House of Representative elections. The map refers to congressional district results, with Metro Manila is denoted at the inset, and party-list election results, denoted by boxes to the right.

All seats of the House of Representatives were up for election. There are two types of representatives: the district representatives, 80% of the members, were elected in the different legislative districts via the plurality system; each district elected one representative. The party-list representatives were elected via closed lists, with the parties having at least 2% of the vote winning at least one seat, and no party winning more than three seats. If the winning candidates don't surpass 20% of the members, other parties that got less than 2% of the national vote will get one seat each until all party-lists have been filled up.

District elections

Party		Votes	%	+/–	Seats	+/–
	Liberal Party	15,552,401	41.72	+4.16	115	+6
	Nationalist People's Coalition	6,350,310	17.04	−0.04	42	0
	National Unity Party	3,604,266	9.67	+1.12	23	−1
	Nacionalista Party	3,512,975	9.42	+1.01	24	+6
	United Nationalist Alliance	2,468,335	6.62	−4.55	11	+3
	PDP–Laban	706,407	1.90	+0.90	3	New
	Lakas–CMD	573,843	1.54	−3.70	4	−10
	Aksyon Demokratiko	514,612	1.38	+1.03	1	New
	Kilusang Bagong Lipunan	198,754	0.53	+0.19	0	−1
	Asenso Manileño	184,602	0.50	New	2	New
	Kusog Baryohanon	172,601	0.46	New	1	New
	Partido Tinig ng Masa	145,417	0.39	New	1	New
	People's Champ Movement	142,307	0.38	New	1	New
	Bukidnon Paglaum	129,678	0.35	−0.01	1	0
	Lingap Lugud	127,762	0.34	New	1	New
	Padayon Pilipino	127,759	0.34	New	0	0
	One Cebu	114,732	0.31	+0.23	0	0
	Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino	111,086	0.30	−0.02	2	0
	Arangkada San Joseño	83,945	0.23	New	1	New
	Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino	78,020	0.21	−0.30	0	0
	Kabalikat ng Bayan sa Kaunlaran	72,130	0.19	−0.15	1	0
	Hugpong sa Tawong Lungsod	53,186	0.14	−0.09	0	0
	Sulong Zambales	52,415	0.14	−0.07	0	0
	Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines	13,662	0.04	−0.20	0	−1
	Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka	7,239	0.02	−0.02	0	0
	Philippine Green Republican Party	4,426	0.01	New	0	0
	Independent	2,172,562	5.83	−0.09	4	−2
Party-list seats					59	0
Total		37,275,432	100.00	–	297	+4
Valid votes		37,275,432	83.97	+13.95
Invalid/blank votes		7,116,943	16.03	−13.95
Total votes		44,549,848	–	–
Registered voters/turnout		54,363,844	81.95	+4.48
Source: COMELEC (Seats won), (Turnout and electorate)

Party-list election

Main article: 2016 Philippine House of Representatives party-list election

Party		Votes	%	+/–	Seats	+/–
	Ako Bicol Political Party	1,664,975	5.14	+2.38	3	+1
	Gabriela Women's Party	1,367,795	4.22	+1.64	2	0
	One Patriotic Coalition of Marginalized Nationals	1,310,197	4.05	New	2	New
	ACT Teachers	1,180,752	3.65	+2.00	2	+1
	Coalition of Associations of Senior Citizens in the Philippines	988,876	3.05	+0.60	2	0
	Kabalikat ng Mamamayan	840,393	2.60	New	2	New
	Agri-Agra na Reforma para sa Magsasaka ng Pilipinas Movement	833,821	2.58	+1.25	2	+1
	Puwersa ng Bayaning Atleta	780,309	2.41	+1.64	2	New
	Buhay Hayaan Yumabong	760,912	2.35	−2.25	2	−1
	Abono	732,060	2.26	−0.52	2	0
	Anak Mindanao	706,689	2.18	+0.80	2	+1
	Cooperative NATCCO Network Party	671,699	2.07	−0.25	2	0
	Akbayan	608,449	1.88	−1.12	1	−1
	Bayan Muna	606,566	1.87	−1.58	1	−1
	Agricultural Sector Alliance of the Philippines	593,748	1.83	−0.31	1	−1
	An Waray	590,895	1.82	−0.13	1	−1
	Citizens' Battle Against Corruption	555,760	1.72	−0.40	1	−1
	Ang Asosasyon Sang Mangunguma Nga Bisaya Owa Mangunguma	495,483	1.53	+0.40	1	0
	Advocacy for Social Empowerment and Nation Building through Easing Poverty	494,725	1.53	+0.18	1	0
	Advocacy for Teacher Empowerment Through Action, Cooperation and Harmony Towards Educational Reforms	475,488	1.47	−2.31	1	−1
	You Against Corruption and Poverty	471,173	1.46	+0.13	1	0
	Democratic Independent Workers Association	467,794	1.44	+0.21	1	0
	Trade Union Congress Party	467,275	1.44	+0.11	1	0
	Abang Lingkod	466,701	1.44	+0.50	1	0
	LPG Marketers Association	466,103	1.44	+0.10	1	0
	Alliance of Organizations Networks and Associations of the Philippines	434,856	1.34	New	1	New
	Social Amelioration and Genuine Intervention on Poverty	397,064	1.23	+0.18	1	0
	Butil Farmers Party	395,011	1.22	−0.37	1	0
	Acts-Overseas Filipino Workers Coalition of Organizations	374,601	1.16	New	1	New
	Anakpawis	367,376	1.13	−0.03	1	0
	Ang Kabuhayan	348,533	1.08	New	1	New
	Angkla: ang Partido ng Pilipinong Marino	337,245	1.04	−0.26	1	0
	Ang Mata'y Alagaan	331,285	1.02	+0.14	1	New
	1st Consumers Alliance for Rural Energy	329,627	1.02	−2.37	1	−1
	Ang National Coalition of Indigenous Peoples Action Na!	318,257	0.98	+0.11	1	0
	Arts Business and Science Professionals	301,457	0.93	−0.37	1	0
	Kabataan	300,420	0.93	−0.31	1	0
	Bagong Henerasyon	299,381	0.92	+0.24	1	New
	Ating Aagapay Sentrong Samahan ng mga Obrero	294,281	0.91	+0.67	1	New
	Serbisyo sa Bayan Party	280,465	0.87	New	1	New
	Magdalo para sa Pilipino	279,356	0.86	−1.19	1	−1
	Una ang Edukasyon	278,393	0.86	New	1	New
	Manila Teachers Savings and Loan Association	268,613	0.83	New	1	New
	Kusug Tausug	247,487	0.76	New	1	New
	Aangat Tayo	243,266	0.75	−0.00	1	New
	Agbiag! Timpuyog Ilocano	240,723	0.74	−0.13	1	0
	Ating Guro	237,566	0.73	−0.04	0	0
	Association for Development Dedicated to Agriculture and Fisheries	226,751	0.70	New	0	0
	Abyan Ilonggo	223,880	0.69	New	0	0
	Alliance of Philippine Fishing Federations	220,599	0.68	New	0	0
	Append	219,218	0.68	−0.18	0	−1
	Ang Nars	218,593	0.68	−0.21	0	−1
	Abakada Guro	216,405	0.67	−0.22	0	−1
	Confederation of Savings and Loan Association	213,814	0.66	New	0	0
	Tingog Sinirangan (Tinig ng Silangan)	210,552	0.65	New	0	0
	Abante Mindanao	209,276	0.65	−1.04	0	−1
	OFW Family Club	203,767	0.63	−2.09	0	−2
	Alagaan Natin Ating Kalusugan	191,362	0.59	New	0	0
	Alay Buhay Community Development Foundation	186,712	0.58	−0.57	0	−1
	Abante Retirees Organization	166,138	0.51	−0.07	0	0
	Ako ang Bisaya	162,547	0.50	New	0	0
	Alliance of Volunteer Educators	157,792	0.49	−0.49	0	−1
	Rebolusyong Alyansang Makabansa	153,743	0.47	New	0	0
	Katipunan ng mga Guardians Brotherhood	148,869	0.46	New	0	0
	Alyansa ng mga Grupong Haligi ng Agham at Teknolohiya para sa Mamamayan	140,661	0.43	−0.04	0	0
	Anti-War/Anti Terror Mindanao Peace Movement	138,040	0.43	+0.28	0	0
	Tanggol Maralita	136,555	0.42	New	0	0
	Academicians Students and Educators Alliance	125,069	0.39	New	0	0
	Allied Movement Employment Protection Assistance for Overseas Filipino Workers Access Center	121,086	0.37	New	0	0
	Adikhaing Tinataguyod ng Kooperatiba	120,361	0.37	−0.60	0	−1
	Kasangga sa Kaunlaran	120,042	0.37	−0.36	0	0
	Ugnayan ng Maralita Laban sa Kahirapan	118,149	0.36	+0.20	0	0
	Disabled/Pilipinos with Disabilities	118,043	0.36	New	0	0
	Global Workers and Family Federation	117,552	0.36	New	0	0
	Association of Laborers and Employees	112,052	0.35	−0.21	0	0
	Cancer Alleviation Network on Care Education and Rehabilitation	109,965	0.34	New	0	0
	Anti-Crime and Terrorism Community Involvement and Support	109,300	0.34	−1.03	0	−1
	Aagapay sa Matatanda	102,583	0.32	−0.57	0	−1
	Marino Samahan ng mga Seaman	102,430	0.32	New	0	0
	Isang Pangarap na Bahay sa Bagong Buhay ng Maralitang Kababayan	100,746	0.31	−0.11	0	0
	Movement for Economic Transformation and Righteous Opportunities	94,515	0.29	New	0	0
	PISTON Land Transportation Coalition	89,384	0.28	−0.36	0	0
	Sanlakas	87,351	0.27	−0.04	0	0
	Talino at Galing ng Pinoy	87,009	0.27	New	0	0
	Kaagapay ng Nagkakaisang Agilang Pilipinong Magsasaka / Kabuhayan at Kabahayan ng mga Magsasaka	79,178	0.24	New	0	0
	Migrante Sectoral Party of Overseas Filipinos and their Families	76,523	0.24	+0.05	0	0
	Association of Marine Officer and Ratings	68,226	0.21	New	0	0
	Isang Alyansang Aalalay sa Pinoy Skilled Workers	65,459	0.20	−0.39	0	0
	Sinag Tungo sa Kaunlaran	61,393	0.19	New	0	0
	Akbay Kalusugan	56,809	0.18	New	0	0
	One Advocacy for Health Progress and Opportunity	54,550	0.17	New	0	0
	Ang Pro-Life	53,078	0.16	−0.31	0	0
	Sandigan ng mga Manggagawa sa Konstruksyon	52,251	0.16	New	0	0
	Tribal Communities Association of the Philippines	50,401	0.16	New	0	0
	Union of Nationalist Democratic Filipino Organization	49,742	0.15	New	0	0
	Central Luzon Alliance for Socialized Education	49,212	0.15	New	0	0
	Tinderong Pinoy Party	46,942	0.14	New	0	0
	Partido ng Bayan ang Bida	46,853	0.14	New	0	0
	Kapatirang Magmamais ng Pilipinas	46,521	0.14	New	0	0
	Guardians Brotherhood	46,182	0.14	New	0	0
	Kaisahan ng mga Maliliit na Magsasaka	42,935	0.13	New	0	0
	Partido ng Manggagawa	42,742	0.13	New	0	0
	Kilos Mamamayan Ngayon Na	39,777	0.12	New	0	0
	Federation of International Cable TV and Telecommunications Association of the Philippines	36,619	0.11	New	0	0
	Anak Central Party	35,270	0.11	New	0	0
	Barangay Natin	31,185	0.10	New	0	0
	Ang Tao Muna at Bayan	30,147	0.09	New	0	0
	Awareness of Keepers of the Environment	28,727	0.09	New	0	0
	National Confederation of Tricycle Operators and Drivers Association of the Philippines	24,407	0.08	New	0	0
	Alliance for National Urban Poor Organizations Assembly	18,793	0.06	New	0	0
	Movement of Women for Change and Reform	17,040	0.05	New	0	0
	1-Abilidad	16,805	0.05	−0.02	0	0
	Mamamayan Tungo sa Maunlad na Pilipinas	9,200	0.03	−0.12	0	0
	Construction Workers' Solidarity	9,121	0.03	New	0	0
	Dumper Philippines Taxi Drivers Association.	6,941	0.02	New	0	0
Total		32,377,841	100.00	–	59	0
Valid votes		32,377,841	71.98	+3.01
Invalid/blank votes		12,602,521	28.02	−3.01
Total votes		44,979,151	–	–
Registered voters/turnout		55,739,911	80.69	+4.93
Source: COMELEC

Local

Main articles: 2016 Philippine local elections and 2016 Philippine gubernatorial elections

Gubernatorial elections result.

Local elections were held in all provinces, cities and municipalities. Executive posts were elected by the plurality system, while elections for the membership of the local legislatures were by plurality-at-large voting.

Each Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial board) has three ex officio members, while each Sangguniang Panlungsod (city council) and Sangguniang Bayan (municipal council) has two. The federation presidents each of Liga ng mga Barangay (barangay chairmen), Sangguniang Kabataan (youth council chairmen), and for Sangguniang Panlalawigan, the chapter presidents of the Sangguniang Bayan and Sangguniang Panlungsod (city and municipal councilors). The ex officio presiding officer of each local legislature is the chief executive's deputy, but that person only votes to break ties.

The federation presidents of the Liga ng mga Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan were elected from the membership who won in the 2013 elections until December 2017, when they were replaced by appointees of the president, who voted among themselves who shall represent them. A barangay election, originally scheduled for October 2016, is postponed until 2018, to replace these appointees starting in December 2018.

Some legislatures have one reserved seat for indigenous peoples. These have three year terms, and selections are usually not synchronized with local and barangay elections. These are not included in the totals below.

Results summary

Party		Governor			Vice governor			Board members			Mayor			Vice-mayor			Councilors
		Total	%	+/−	Total	%	+/−	Seats	%	+/−	Total	%	+/−	Total	%	+/−	Seats	%	+/−
	Liberal	39	48.1%	+3	39	48.1%	+3	334	32.8%	+34	759	46.5%	+94	705	43.1%	+78	5,451	32.4%	+535
	NPC	9	11.1%	−5	10	12.3%	−2	107	10.5%	−5	201	12.3%	−45	182	11.1%	−57	1,583	9.4%	−183
	NUP	9	11.1%	+1	7	7.6%	+3	69	6.8%	−5	121	7.4%	−7	127	7.8%	−15	896	5.3%	−74
	Nacionalista	9	11.1%	+2	6	7.4%	−5	64	6.3%	−38	145	8.9%	−14	139	8.5%	−27	1,047	6.3%	−325
	UNA	3	3.7%	−1	5	6.2%	0	47	4.6%	+3	134	8.2%	+5	142	8.7%	+12	1,223	7.3%	+213
	Aksyon	1	1.2%	+1	1	1.2%	+1	4	0.4%	+3	13	0.8%	+5	19	1.1%	+14	113	0.7%	+85
	PDP–Laban	0	0.0%	−1	2	2.5%	+2	6	0.6%	+2	40	2.4%	+19	33	2.0%	+16	191	1.1%	+59
	Lakas	0	0.0%	0	2	2.5%	0	4	0.4%	−14	8	0.5%	−33	9	0.6%	−33	64	0.4%	−259
	Other parties	6	7.4%	+3	2	2.5%	+1	71	7.0%	−17	197	12.1%	+67	122	7.5%	+12	1,095	6.5%	+136
	Independent	5	6.2%	−1	6	6.4%	−1	65	6.4%	+8	107	6.5%	+17	158	9.7%	−3	1,877	11.1%	−76
	Ex officio members	—						243	23.8%	+3	—						3,268	19.4%	+14
Totals		81	100%	+1	81	100%	+1	1,019	100%	+13	1,634	100%	+7	1,634	100%	+7	16,808	100%	+95

See also

• Presidential transition of Rodrigo Duterte
• Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan election, 2018, originally scheduled to be held in 2016, but was postponed twice to 2018.

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