1200s (decade)
Decade From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The 1200s began on January 1, 1200, and ended on December 31, 1209.
1200
By place
Europe
- Spring – Boniface I, marquis of Montferrat, sends envoys to Venice, Genoa and other city-states to negotiate a contract for transport to the Levant. Meanwhile, Boniface and various nobles are mustering an expeditionary army (mainly forces from France and the Holy Roman Empire) at Paris. On February 23, Baldwin IX, count of Flanders and his brother Henry of Flanders take the cross at Bruges (modern Belgium), and agree to take part in the Fourth Crusade called by Pope Innocent III (see 1199).[1]
- May 22 – The Kings John of England and Philip II of France, sign a peace treaty at Le Goulet, an island in the middle of the Seine River, near Vernon in Normandy. The agreement recognizes John as overlord of most of the English owned lands in France, but John has to give Philip the lands of Norman Vexin and Évreux and a large sum of money (some 20,000 marks) – a "relief" payment for recognition of John's sovereignty of Brittany.[2]
- August 25 – Eager to make peace with Aymer Taillefer, count of Angoulême, John marries 15-year-old Isabella of Angoulême at Bordeaux. In order to remarry, John needs to abandon his first wife, Isabella of Gloucester. John accomplishes this by arguing that he has failed to get the necessary papal dispensation to marry Isabella of Gloucester.[3]
- The rebel leader Ivanko is captured and executed by the Byzantine general Alexios Palaiologos (son-in-law of Emperor Alexios III Angelos).
Britain
- November 22 – During a tour of the Midlands, John receives homage from William the Lion, king of Scotland, at Lincoln. William is looking to move into the areas of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland. John on the other hand ensures that these areas are controlled by English nobles he can trust.
Levant
- February 17 – Al-Adil I, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, Jerusalem, and parts of the Jazira takes control of Egypt, and is recognized as sultan of the Ayyubid Empire. During his reign, he promotes trade and good relations with the Crusader States. His son Al-Kamil becomes the effective ruler (viceroy) of Egypt.[4]
Asia
- Temüjin (or Genghis Khan) manages to unite about half the feuding Mongol clans under his leadership. He delegates authority based on skill and loyalty, rather than tribal affiliation or family. The main rivals of the Mongol confederation are the Naimans to the west, the Merkits to the north, the Tanguts to the south and the Jin Dynasty (or Great Jin) to the east.[5]
By topic
Education
- The University of Paris receives its charter, from Philip II. He issues a diploma "for the security of the scholars of Paris", which affirms that students are subject only to ecclesiastical jurisdiction.
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1200
- January 19 – Dōgen Zenji, founder of the Sōtō Zen school (d. 1253)[99]
- January – Theobald le Botiller, Norman nobleman and knight (d. 1230)
- September – Philip I, French prince and nobleman (House of Capet) (d. 1235)[100]
- October 9 – Isabel Marshal, English countess and regent (d. 1240)[101]
- October 22 – Louis IV (the Saint), landgrave of Thuringia (d. 1227)
- unknown dates
- Alix (or Alis), Breton noblewoman (House of Thouars) (d. 1221)
- Ingerd Jakobsdatter, Danish noblewoman and landowner (d. 1258)[102]
- Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German minnesinger and poet (d. 1275)[103]
- probable
- Adam Marsh, English Franciscan scholar and theologian (d. 1259)
- Chen Rong (Ch'en Jung), Chinese painter and politician (d. 1266)[104]
- Jutta of Kulmsee, German noblewoman, hermit and saint (d. 1260)[105]
- Matthew Paris, English Benedictine monk and chronicler (d. 1259)[106]
- Rolandino of Padua, Italian professor, jurist and writer (d. 1276)[107]
- Rudolf von Ems, German nobleman, knight and poet (d. 1254)[108]
1201
- February 18 – Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian scientist and writer (d. 1274)
- May 30 – Theobald I of Navarre ("the Troubadour"), French-born nobleman (d. 1253)
- August 9 – Arnold Fitz Thedmar, English chronicler and writer (d. 1274)
- October 9 – Robert de Sorbon, French monk and theologian (d. 1274)
- October 10 – Richard de Fournival, French philosopher (d. 1260)
- Agnes of the Palatinate, duchess of Bavaria (House of Guelf) (d. 1267)
- Danylo Romanovych, ruler (knyaz) of Galicia–Volhynia (d. 1264)
- Diana degli Andalò (or d'Andalo), Italian nun and saint (d. 1236)
- Eison, Japanese Buddhist scholar-monk and disciple (d. 1290)
- Thomas of Cantimpré, Flemish priest and preacher (d. 1272)
- Uriyangkhadai, Mongol general and son of Subutai (d. 1272)
1202
- Alfonso of Molina, prince of León and Castile (d. 1272)
- Boniface II (the Giant), king of Thessalonica (d. 1253)
- Enni, Japanese Buddhist monk and teacher (d. 1280)
- Kunigunde of Hohenstaufen, queen of Bohemia (d. 1248)
- Margaret of Constantinople, countess of Flanders (d. 1280)
- Matilda II of Boulogne, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1259)
- Mōri Suemitsu, Japanese nobleman and samurai (d. 1247)
- Qin Jiushao, Chinese mathematician and writer (d. 1261)
- Shi Tianze, Chinese general and prime minister (d. 1275)
1203
- January 10 – Abu Shama, Arab historian and writer (d. 1267)
- Abu Zakariya Yahya, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate (d. 1249)
- Bi Bi Monajemeh Nishaburi, Persian astronomer (d. 1280)
- Cecilia Cesarini, Italian Dominican nun and saint (d. 1290)
- Donnchadh, Scottish ruler (mormaer) of Mar (d. 1244)
- Eva Marshal, Cambro-Norman noblewoman (d. 1246)
- Hamuro Mitsutoshi, Japanese waka poet (d. 1276)
- Hōjō Tokiuji, Japanese nobleman and spy (d. 1230)
- Ibn Abi Usaybi'a, Syrian physician and historian (d. 1270)
- Kujō Motoie, Japanese nobleman and poet (d. 1280)
- Mindaugas (or Mendog), king of Lithuania (d. 1263)
- Peter II ("the Little Charlemagne"), count of Savoy (d. 1268)
- Sengaku, Japanese Buddhist monk and writer (d. 1273)
- Vasilko Romanovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1269)
- Xueting Fuyu, Chinese Zen Buddhist abbot (d. 1275)
- Zakariya al-Qazwini, Persian astronomer (d. 1283)
1204
- April 14 – Henry I, king of Castile (d. 1217)[109]
- Haakon IV of Norway (d. 1263)[110]
- Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia (d. 1247)[111]
- Maria of Courtenay, Empress regent of Nicaea (d. 1228)
- Alice of Schaerbeek (d. 1250)[112]
1205
- January 26 – Li Zong (or Zhao Yun), Chinese emperor (d. 1264)
- March (or May) – Elisabeth of Swabia, queen of Castile and León (d. 1235)[113]
- July 10 – Hōjō Masamura, Japanese nobleman (d. 1273)
- November 5 – As-Salih Ayyub, Ayyubid ruler (d. 1249)
- unknown dates
- Bruno von Schauenburg, Bohemian bishop (d. 1281)[114]
- Wenceslaus I (One-Eyed), king of Bohemia (d. 1253)[115]
- probable
- Azzo VII d'Este, Italian nobleman and knight (d. 1264)[116]
- Batu Khan, Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde (d. 1255)[117]
- Walter IV (the Great), French nobleman (d. 1246)[118]
1206
- c.March 19 – Güyük Khan (or Kuyuk), Mongol emperor (d. 1248)
- April 7 – Otto II, German nobleman (d. 1253)
- unknown dates
- Sheikh Edebali, Ottoman religious leader (d. 1326)[121]
- Yaghmurasen ibn Zyan, Zayyanid ruler (d. 1283)[122]
- probable
- Margaret de Quincy, English noblewoman (d. 1266)[123]
1207
- July 7 – Elizabeth of Hungary, Hungarian princess (d. 1231)
- August 13 – Malik ibn al-Murahhal, Moroccan poet (d. 1299)
- September 30 – Rumi, Persian scholar and mystic (d. 1273)
- October 1 – Henry III (Winchester), English king (d. 1272)
- Adelasia of Torres, Italian noblewoman and judge (d. 1259)
- Canute (or Knud Valdemarsen), duke of Estonia (d. 1260)
- Elen ferch Llywelyn (the Elder), English countess (d. 1253)
- Fujiwara no Akiuji, Japanese nobleman and poet (d. 1274)
- Fujiwara no Ariko, Japanese empress consort (d. 1286)
- Gilbert Marshal, English nobleman and knight (d. 1241)
- Henry II, Dutch nobleman (House of Reginar) (d. 1248)
- Jakuen, Japanese Buddhist monk and scholar (d. 1299)
- John of Scotland, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. 1237)
- Margaret of Louvain, Flemish servant and saint (d. 1237)
- Ottone Visconti, Italian nobleman and archbishop (d. 1295)
- Philip I, French nobleman (House of Savoy) (d. 1285)
- Raymond II (or Raimond), French nobleman (d. 1263)
- Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, Persian philosopher (d. 1274)
- Vladislaus II, Bohemian nobleman and knight (d. 1227)
1208
- February 2 – James I ("the Conqueror"), king of Aragon (d. 1276)
- Ada van Holland, Dutch noblewoman and abbess (d. 1258)
- Berke Khan, Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde (d. 1266)
- Bolesław I of Masovia, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1248)
- Coloman of Galicia, Hungarian prince of Halych (d. 1241)
- Gissur Þorvaldsson, Icelandic chieftain (or goði) (d. 1268)
- Kolbeinn ungi Arnórsson, Icelandic chieftain (d. 1245)
- Knut Haakonsson, Norwegian nobleman (jarl) (d. 1261)
- Margaret Skulesdatter, queen consort of Norway (d. 1270)
- Sempad the Constable, Armenian nobleman (d. 1276)
- Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, English nobleman (d. 1265)
- Thomas de Beaumont, English nobleman (d. 1242)
1209
- January 5 – Richard of Cornwall, English nobleman (d. 1272)
- January 11 – Möngke Khan, Mongol emperor (khagan) (d. 1259)
- June 25 – Fujiwara no Shunshi, Japanese empress (d. 1233)
- September 8 – Sancho II (the Pious), king of Portugal (d. 1248)
- December 7 – Vasilko Konstantinovich, Kievan prince (d. 1238)
- Bettisia Gozzadini, Italian female scholar and jurist (d. 1261)
- Choe Hang, Korean general and dictator (d. 1257)
- Gilbert of Preston, English Chief Justice (d. 1274)
- Haji Bektash Veli, Persian philosopher (d. 1271)
- Kuniko (or Hoshi), Japanese empress (d. 1283)
- Roger Bigod, English nobleman and knight (d. 1270)
- Shang Ting, Chinese calligrapher and poet (d. 1288)
- Valdemar III (the Young), king of Denmark (d. 1231)
- Walter Marshal, English nobleman and knight (d. 1245)
- Xu Heng, Chinese official and philosopher (d. 1281)
1200
- January 13 – Otto I, German nobleman (House of Hohenstaufen)
- January 14 – Odo of Novara, Italian priest and saint (b. 1105)
- January 20 – Odo of Canterbury, English abbot and theologian
- February 6
- Kajiwara Kagesue, Japanese nobleman (b. 1162)
- Kajiwara Kagetoki, Japanese samurai and spy
- April 8 – Adalbert III (or Vojtěch), German archbishop (b. 1145)
- April 23 – Zhu Xi, Chinese historian and philosopher (b. 1130)
- May 25 – Nicholas I, German nobleman (House of Mecklenburg)
- July 16 – Li Fengniang (or Cixian), Chinese empress (b. 1144)
- July 26 – Raymond of Piacenza (the Palmer), Italian pilgrim
- September 19 – Alberic III of Dammartin, French nobleman
- September 17 – Guang Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 1147) [124]
- September 24 – Heinrich Walpot, German Grand Master
- October 25 – Conrad of Wittelsbach, German archbishop
- November 16 – Hugh of Avalon, French monk and bishop
- December 12 – Lochlann of Galloway, Scottish nobleman
- December 14 – Han (or Gongshu), Chinese empress (b. 1165)
- Adachi Morinaga, Japanese Buddhist warrior monk (b. 1135)
- Benedicta Ebbesdotter of Hvide, queen of Sweden (or 1199)
- Gilbert Horal, Spanish Grand Master of the Knights Templar
- Inpumon'in no Tayū, Japanese noblewoman and poet (b. 1130)
- Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi, German rabbi and Tosafist (b. 1115)
- Liu Wansu, Chinese physician of the Jin Dynasty (b. 1110)
- Nicholas of Amiens, French theologian and writer (b. 1147)
- Nigel de Longchamps, English satirist (approximate date)
- Osbern of Gloucester, English lexicographical writer (b. 1123)
- William FitzRalph, English nobleman and knight (b. 1140)
1201
- March 1 – Shikishi, Japanese princess, poet and writer (b. 1149)
- March 21 – Absalon, Danish archbishop and statesman (b. 1128)
- March 22 – Jarosław of Opole, Polish duke and bishop (b. 1145)
- April – Bohemond III ("the Stammerer"), prince of Antioch (b. 1148)[125]
- April 7 – Baha al-Din Qaraqush, Egyptian regent and architect[126]
- May 24 – Theobald III, French nobleman and knight (b. 1179)
- June 16 – Ibn al-Jawzi, Arab historian and philologist (b. 1116)
- June 20 – Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani, Persian historian (b. 1125)
- July – Agnes of Merania, queen consort of King Philip II of France[127]
- July 25 – Gruffydd ap Rhys II, Welsh prince of Deheubarth
- July 31 – John Komnenos the Fat, Byzantine nobleman
- August 20 – Gardolf of Hertbeke, bishop of Halberstadt
- September 5 – Constance, duchess of Brittany (b. 1161)
- December 7 or 8 – Bolesław I the Tall, Duke of Wroclaw, Polish nobleman and knight (b. 1127)
- unknown dates
- Fulk of Neuilly (or Foulques), French priest and preacher
- Guglielmo Grasso, Genoese merchant, pirate and admiral[128]
- Margaret of Huntingdon, Duchess of Brittany, Scottish princess (b. 1145)
- Walchelin de Ferriers (or Walkelin), Anglo-Norman nobleman
1202
- January 9 – Birger Brosa, Swedish nobleman and knight
- January 12 – Fujiwara no Tashi, Japanese empress (b. 1140)
- March 9 – Sverre Sigurdsson (or Sverrir), king of Norway
- March 13 – Mieszko III (the Old), duke of Poland (b. 1126)
- March 30 – Joachim of Fiore, Italian theologian (b. 1135)
- April 5 – Geoffrey III (or IV), French nobleman and knight
- May 7 – Hamelin de Warenne, Norman nobleman (b. 1130)
- May 10 – Mu'adzam Shah of Kedah, Malaysian sultan
- June 16 – Aymer (or Adhemar), count of Angoulême
- August 8 – Simon I, German nobleman and knight
- August 10 – Ulrich II, German nobleman and knight
- November 12 – Canute VI, king of Denmark (b. 1163)
- December 3 – Conrad of Querfurt, German bishop
- Alain de Lille, French theologian and writer (b. 1128)
- Albert of Chiatina, Italian archpriest and saint (b. 1135)
- André de Chauvigny (or Andrew), French knight (b. 1150)
- Bernard of Fézensaguet, French nobleman (b. 1155)
- Blondel de Nesle (or Jean I), French trouvère (b. 1155)
- Eugenius of Palermo, Italian admiral and poet (b. 1130)
- Geoffroy de Donjon, French Grand Master and knight
- Hammad al-Harrani, Ayyubid scholar, poet and traveler
- Jakuren, Japanese Buddhist priest and poet (b. 1139)
- Kojijū, Japanese noblewoman and waka poet (b. 1121)
- Minamoto no Yoshishige, Japanese samurai (b. 1135)
- Roger de Beaumont, English chancellor and bishop
- William of the White Hands, French cardinal (b. 1135)
1203
- January – Sayyida Zumurrud Khatun, umm al-walad (mother) of the Abbasid caliph
- January 12 – Martin of León, Spanish priest (b. 1130)
- January 21 – Agnes II, abbess of Quedlinburg in Saxony (b. 1139)
- March – Hedwig, margravine of Meissen (b. 1140)
- April 6 – William of Æbelholt, French churchman (b. 1125)
- May – Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd, Welsh prince[129]
- July 12 – Isabel de Warenne, English noblewoman
- July 21 – Harvey I of Léon, Breton nobleman (b. 1153)
- September 11 – Stephen of Tournai, French bishop (b. 1128)
- October 8
- Hiki Yoshikazu, Japanese warrior and nobleman
- Minamoto no Ichiman, Japanese nobleman (b. 1198)
- November 4 – Dirk VII, Dutch nobleman and knight
- November 30 – Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi, Arab scholar and jurist (b. 1146)[130]
- unknown dates
- 'Abdallah ibn Ghaniya, Almoravid ruler of Mallorca
- Alexios Palaiologos, Byzantine heir apparent[131]
- Gille Críst, Scottish nobleman and knight[132]
- William de Stuteville, English nobleman[133]
- probable
- Eudokia Komnene, Byzantine noblewoman
- Siraj al-Din al-Sajawandi, Persian scholar[134]
- Toghrul (or Wang Khan), Mongol leader[42]
1204
- January 1 – King Haakon III of Norway[110]
- January – Isaac II Angelos, Byzantine emperor[135]
- February 8 – Alexios IV Angelos, Byzantine emperor[136]
- April 1 – Eleanor of Aquitaine, Sovereign Duchess Regnant of Aquitaine, queen of France and England[137]
- August 11 – King Guttorm of Norway[138]
- August 14 – Minamoto no Yoriie, Japanese shōgun (b. 1182)[139]
- September 30 or November 30 – Emeric, King of Hungary (b. 1174)[140]
- c. October 21 – Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester, English nobleman[141]
- November – Ban Kulin, ruler of Bosnia (b. 1163)[142]
- December 12 (or December 13) – Maimonides, Spanish rabbi and philosopher (b. 1135)[143]
- December 22 – Fujiwara no Shunzei, Japanese waka poet (b. 1114)[144]
- date unknown – Suleiman II, Sultan of Rûm[145]
- probable – Amalric of Bena, French theologian[146]
1205
- January 2 – Baldwin II, French nobleman and knight
- April 1 – Aimery of Cyprus (or Amaury), king of Jerusalem
- April 5 – Isabella I, queen and regent of Jerusalem (b. 1172)
- April 14
- Garnier de Traînel (or Traisnel), French bishop
- Louis I, French nobleman and knight (b. 1172)
- May 7 – Ladislaus III, king of Hungary and Croatia (b. 1200)
- May/June – Enrico Dandolo (or Henry), doge of Venice (b. 1107)[147]
- June 14 – Walter III (or Gautier), French nobleman
- June 19 – Roman Mstislavich, Kievan prince (b. 1152)
- July 4 – Otto II (the Generous), German nobleman
- July 10 – Hatakeyama Shigeyasu, Japanese samurai
- July 13 – Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury
- August 8 – Savaric FitzGeldewin, English bishop
- unknown dates
- probable – Baldwin I, emperor of the Latin Empire (b. 1172)
1206
- February 4 – Theobald Walter, Norman High Sheriff (b. 1165)
- March 5 – Thietmar of Minden (or Dietmar), German bishop
- April 5 – Ottaviano di Paoli, Italian cardinal-bishop and diplomat[149]
- April 7 – Frederick I, German nobleman (House of Lorraine)
- April 16 – Kujō Yoshitsune, Japanese nobleman (b. 1169)
- April 23 – Suero Rodríguez, Spanish knight and Grand Master
- June 4 – Adela of Champagne, queen of France (b. 1140)
- unknown dates
- Artaldus (or Arthaud), French priest and bishop (b. 1101)[150]
- Harald Maddadsson, Norwegian nobleman (b. 1134)[151]
- Huan Zong, Chinese emperor of Western Xia (b. 1177)[152]
- Ismail al-Jazari, Artuqid polymath and inventor (b. 1136)[153]
- Muhammad of Ghor, ruler of the Ghurid Empire (b. 1149)[154]
- William de Burgh, English nobleman (House of Burke)[155]
- Yang Wanli, Chinese politician and poet (b. 1127)[156]
1207
- February 7 – Sambor I, duke of Pomerania (b. 1150)
- March 1 – Fernando Afonso, Portuguese Grand Master[157]
- May 3 – Fujiwara no Kanezane, Japanese nobleman
- May 7 – Abdul Razzaq Gilani, Persian jurist (b. 1134)
- June 6 – Gerardo dei Tintori, Italian mystic (b. 1134)
- June 13 – Xie, Chinese empress consort (b. 1135)
- June 19 – Ubaldo Lanfranchi, Italian archbishop
- August 21 – Simon of Wells, bishop of Chichester
- September 4
- Boniface I of Montferrat, Italian nobleman
- Raimbaut de Vaqueiras, French troubadour
- October – Kaloyan, ruler (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire[158]
- October 3 – Xin Qiji, Chinese general and poet (b. 1140)
- November 3 – Hartwig II, German archbishop
- November 24 – Han Tuozhou, Chinese statesman (b. 1152)
- unknown date – Amalric of Bena, French theologian and mystic
- probable
- Bona of Pisa, Italian nun and mystic (b. 1156)
- David Soslan, Alanian prince and king consort[159]
1208
- January 15 – Pierre de Castelnau, French priest (assassinated)[160]
- January 28 – Julian of Cuenca, Spanish bishop (b. 1127)
- February 18 – Mark Ibn Kunbar, Egyptian Coptic priest
- April 22 – Philip of Poitou (or Poitiers), bishop of Durham
- June 21 – Philip of Swabia, king of Germany (b. 1177)
- August 27 – Irene Angelina, queen consort of Sicily and Germany
- August 29 – Dietrich von Kittlitz, bishop of Meissen
- October 6 – Geoffrey de Muschamp, bishop of Coventry
- November 9 – Sancha of Castile, queen consort of Aragon
- December 29 – Zhangzong of Jin, Chinese emperor (b. 1168)
- Bridget Haraldsdotter, queen consort of Sweden (approximate date)
- Ermengol VIII (or Armengol), count of Urgell (b. 1158)
- Kolbeinn Tumason, Icelandic chieftain and poet (b. 1173)
- Knut Birgersson, Swedish nobleman (jarl) and knight
- Leo Sgouros (or Sgurus), Byzantine governor and despot
- Peter of Angoulême, Latin bishop and patriarch of Antioch
- William IV of Forcalquier, French nobleman (b. 1130)
- Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili, Egyptian Jewish physician
1209
- January 10 – William of Donjeon, French archbishop (b. 1140)
- January 13 – Matilda of Saxony, German noblewoman (b. 1172)
- March 7 – Otto VIII, count palatine of Bavaria (approximate date)
- April 2 – Elisabeth of Greater Poland, Polish princess (b. 1152)
- May 16 – Ji Gong (or Daoji), Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 1130)
- September 12 – Fujiwara no Kinshi, Japanese empress (b. 1134)
- November 10 – Raymond Roger, French nobleman (b. 1185)
- November 12 – Phillipe de Plessis, French Grand Master (b. 1165)
- Albrecht von Johansdorf, German minnesänger (approximate date)
- Alfonso II (Berenguer), Spanish nobleman and knight (b. 1180)
- Arnold of Altena, German nobleman and knight (b. 1166)
- Berenguier de Palazol (or Palou), Spanish troubadour
- Gaucelm Faidit, French troubadour (approximate date)
- John of Hexham, English monk and chronicler (b. 1160)
- Lu You, Chinese historian, poet and writer (b. 1125)
- Margaret of Sweden, queen consort of Norway (b. 1155)
- Nizami Ganjavi, Persian mystic poet and writer (b. 1141)
- Petrus Riga, French priest and poet (approximate date)
- Rigord, French monk and chronicler (approximate date)
- Ruzbihan Baqli, Persian Sufi master and poet (b. 1128)
- Walter Map, English diplomat and historian (b. 1140)[161] Genghis Khan
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