Heth

This article is about the Semitic letter. For other uses, see Heth (disambiguation).

Heth, sometimes written Chet or Ḥet, is the eighth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Arabic ḥāʾ ح‎, Aramaic ḥēṯ 𐡇, Hebrew ḥēt ח‎, Phoenician ḥēt 𐤇, and Syriac ḥēṯ ܚ.

← Zayin Heth Teth →
Phoenician	𐤇‎
Hebrew	ח‎
Aramaic	𐡇‎
Syriac	ܚ‎
Arabic	ح‎
Phonemic representation	ħ, (χ, x)
Position in alphabet	8
Numerical value	8
Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician
Greek	Η, Ͱ
Latin	H
Cyrillic	И

Heth originally represented a voiceless fricative, either pharyngeal /ħ/, or velar /x/. In Arabic, two corresponding letters were created for both phonemic sounds: unmodified ḥāʾ ح represents /ħ/, while ḫāʾ خ represents /x/.

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek eta Η, Etruscan , Latin H, and Cyrillic И. While H is a consonant in the Latin alphabet, the Greek and Cyrillic equivalents represent vowel sounds, though the letter was originally a consonant in Greek and this usage later evolved into the rough breathing character.^[1] The Phoenician letter also gave rise to the archaic Greek letter heta, as well as a variant of Cyrillic letter I, short I. The Arabic letter (ح) is sometimes transliterated as Ch in English.

Origins

The shape of the letter Ḥet ultimately goes back either to the Egyptian hieroglyph for 'courtyard' (ḥwt):

(compare Hebrew: חָצֵר, romanized: ḥaṣēr of identical meaning, which begins with Ḥet).
or to the one for 'thread, wick' representing a wick of twisted flax: (ḥ)^[2][3]

(compare Hebrew: חוּט, romanized: ḥuṭ of identical meaning, which begins with Ḥet).

Possibly named ḥasir in the Proto-Sinaitic script.

The corresponding South Arabian letters are ḥ and ḫ, corresponding to the Ge'ez letters Ḥawṭ ሐ and Ḫarm ኀ.

This letter is usually transcribed as ḥ, h with a dot underneath. In some romanization systems, a (capital) Ch is also used.

Arabic ḥāʾ

See also: خ

ḥāʾ حاء
ح
Usage
Writing system	Arabic script
Type	Abjad
Language of origin	Arabic language
Sound values	ħ
Alphabetical position	6
History
Development	𐤇 𐡇‎ 𐢊 ح
Other
Writing direction	Right-to-left
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The letter is named حَاءْ ḥāʾ and is the sixth letter of the alphabet. Its shape varies depending on its position in the word, and its initial and medial form resembles a bird's beak:

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ح‎	ـح‎	ـحـ‎	حـ‎

This form is used to denote three letters, the other two being خ ḫāʾ and ج ǧīm.

Pronunciation

In Arabic, ḥāʾ is similar to the English [h], but it is much "raspier",^[4] IPA: [ħ]~[ʜ]. (Pharyngeal H)

In Persian, it is [h], like ⟨ه⟩ and the English h.

Hebrew chet

Orthographic variants
Various print fonts			Cursive Hebrew	Rashi script
Serif	Sans-serif	Monospaced
ח	ח	ח

Hebrew spelling: חֵית‎

Pronunciation

In Modern Israeli Hebrew (and Ashkenazi Hebrew, although not under strict pronunciation), the letter Ḥet (חֵית‎) usually has the sound value of a voiceless uvular fricative (/χ/), as the historical phonemes of the letters Ḥet ח‎ (/ħ/) and Khaf כ‎ (/x/) merged, both becoming the voiceless uvular fricative (/χ/). In more rare Ashkenazi phonologies, it is pronounced as a voiceless pharyngeal fricative (/ħ/).

The (/ħ/) pronunciation is still common among Israeli Arabs and Mizrahi Jews (particularly among the older generation and popular Mizrahi singers, especially Yemenites), in accordance with oriental Jewish traditions (see, e.g., Mizrahi Hebrew and Yemenite Hebrew).

The ability to pronounce the Arabic letter ḥāʾ (ح) correctly as a voiceless pharyngeal fricative /ħ/ is often used as a shibboleth to distinguish Arabic-speakers from non-Arabic-speakers; in particular, pronunciation of the letter as /x/ is seen as a hallmark of Ashkenazi and Greek Jews.^{[citation needed]}

Ḥet is one of the few Hebrew consonants that can take a vowel at the end of a word. This occurs when patach gnuva comes under the Ḥet at the end of the word. The combination is then pronounced /-aħ/ rather than /-ħa/. For example: פָּתוּחַ (/ˌpaˈtuaħ/), and תַּפּוּחַ (/ˌtaˈpuaħ/).

Variations

Ḥet, along with Aleph, Ayin, Resh, and He, cannot receive a dagesh. As pharyngeal fricatives are difficult for most English speakers to pronounce, loanwords are usually Anglicized to have /h/. Thus challah (חלה), pronounced by native Hebrew speakers as /χala/ or /ħala/ is pronounced /halə/ by most English speakers, who cannot often perceive the difference between [h] and [ħ].

Significance

In gematria, Ḥet represents the number eight.

In chat rooms, online forums, and social networking the letter Ḥet repeated (חחחחחחחחחח) denotes laughter, just as in English, in the saying 'Haha'.

Character encodings

Character information

Preview	ח		ح		ܚ		ࠇ
Unicode name	HEBREW LETTER HET		ARABIC LETTER HAH		SYRIAC LETTER HETH		SAMARITAN LETTER IT
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	1495	U+05D7	1581	U+062D	1818	U+071A	2055	U+0807
UTF-8	215 151	D7 97	216 173	D8 AD	220 154	DC 9A	224 160 135	E0 A0 87
Numeric character reference	ח	ח	ح	ح	ܚ	ܚ	ࠇ	ࠇ

Character information

Preview	𐎈		𐡇		𐤇
Unicode name	UGARITIC LETTER HOTA		IMPERIAL ARAMAIC LETTER HETH		PHOENICIAN LETTER HET
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	66440	U+10388	67655	U+10847	67847	U+10907
UTF-8	240 144 142 136	F0 90 8E 88	240 144 161 135	F0 90 A1 87	240 144 164 135	F0 90 A4 87
UTF-16	55296 57224	D800 DF88	55298 56391	D802 DC47	55298 56583	D802 DD07
Numeric character reference	𐎈	𐎈	𐡇	𐡇	𐤇	𐤇

See also

• Ħ, ħ : H with stroke

References

1. "Herbert Weir Smyth, Greek Grammar". Archived from the original on 2011-12-08. Retrieved 2022-02-18.
2. "𓎛 - Wiktionary". Archived from the original on 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
3. "Rosette V-1.3 (6/11/05)". Archived from the original on 2020-06-29. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
4. Bouchentouf, Amine (2006). Arabic for Dummies. Wiley Publishing, Inc. p. 15.

External links