Συζήτηση:Σταυρός/Αρχείο 3
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Να προσθέσω επίσης τις παρακάτω αναφορές:
- The Early Christians, Michael Gough; Frederick A. Praeger, 1961, σελ. 84
Η σελίδα αυτή είναι αρχείο παλαιότερων συζητήσεων. Παρακαλούμε μην επεξεργάζεστε το περιεχόμενο της. Αν επιθυμείτε να ξεκινήσετε μια νέα συζήτηση ή να επαναφέρετε μια παλιά, μπορείτε να το κάνετε στην τρέχουσα σελίδα συζήτησης. |
" [...] in a recently discovered cemetery near Jerusalem, which is undoubtedly earlier than the destruction of the city by Titus in 70, some of the ossuaries were found to be signed with a cross, either incised or marked with charcoal."
και στο κάτω μέρος της ίδιας σελίδας:
"Ignoring the Church's ruling to Christians to bide their time and avoid provocation, they defiantly proclaimed their faith in a new and challenging formula, 'Christians to Christians', and by their open use of the upright cross either as a symbol on its own or as a substitute for the Greek letter chi, the initial letter of Christ's name."
σελ. 86
"in the scene of Jonah's deliverance from the sea-monster, so often depicted in the Catacomb frescoes and on the earliest sculptured sarcophagi, the mast and yard of the prophet's ship, which combine to form a cross, are often prominent."
- Art in the Early Church, Walter Lowrie; Pantheon Books, 1947
σελ. 98
"The cross as it appears on the sarcophagi has often a close likeness to the standards which were carried before the Roman armies, on which the transverse bar supported the banner bearing the images of the reigning emperors, the sacri vultus. Thus the standards had the form of the letter tau (T), which was in fact the most realistic form of the cross, as Tertullian ( Apol. 16) and Justin Martyr remark. When this is understood we can see the relevance of St. Ignatius' words in his Epistle to the Smyrneans 1:2"
δηλ. Σταυρός από τον 1ο αιώνα και σχήμα του σταυρού το "Τ".
--01:18, 5 Νοεμβρίου 2005 (UTC)
Το American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition 2000 ISBN 0395825172 αναφέρει στο λήμμα cross:
- 1.a. An upright post with a transverse piece near the top, on which condemned persons were executed in ancient times.
b. often Cross The upright post with a transverse piece upon which Jesus was crucified.
c. A crucifix.
d. Any of various modifications of the cross design, such as a Latin cross or Maltese cross.
e. A medal, emblem, or insignia in the form of a cross.
2. The Christian religion; Christianity.
3. In Christianity, a sign made by tracing the outline of a cross with the right hand upon the forehead and chest as a devotional act.
[Middle English cros, from Old English, probably from Old Norse kross, from Old Irish cros, from Latin crux.]
To Webster's 1913 Dictionary στο λήμμα cross:
- \Cross\ (kr[o^]s; 115), n. [OE. crois, croys, cros; the
former fr. OF. crois, croiz, F. croix, fr. L. crux; the second is perh. directly fr. Prov. cros, crotz. fr. the same L. crux; cf. Icel. kross. Cf. {Crucial}, {Crusade}, {Cruise}, {Crux}.]
1.A gibbet, consisting of two pieces of timber placed transversely upon one another, in various forms, as a T, or +, with the horizontal piece below the upper end of the upright, or as an X. It was anciently used in the execution of criminals.
Nailed to the cross By his own nation. --Milton.
Το Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2002 ISBN 087779930X στο λήμμα cross:
- 1 : a device composed of an upright bar traversed by a horizontal one
- 2 a : an act of crossing dissimilar individuals b : a crossbred individual or kind
To Wordsmyth Educational Dictionary-Thesaurus στο λήμμα cross:
- 1. a symbol or structure formed by a vertical line or pole intersecting a horizontal one.
To Heinle's Newbury House Dictionary of American English ISBN 0838426573 :
- cross /krs/ n. crosses 1 a vertical wooden pole with a horizontal piece of wood running across it near the top, on which people were killed in ancient times 2 the Cross: (in Christianity) the cross on which Jesus Christ was killed (crucified)
Το Ultralingua English Dictionary of Definitions 2005 :
- cross n. crosses < kräs > : 1. A cross as an emblem of Christianity; used in heraldry. 2. A wooden structure consisting of an upright post with a transverse piece. 3. Any affliction that causes great suffering; "that is his cross to bear"; SYN: crown of thorns. [ETYM: Old Eng. crois, croys, cros; the former from Old Fren. crois, croiz, French croix, from Latin crux; the second is perh. directly from Prov. cros, crotz. from the same Latin crux; cf. Icel. kross. Related to Crucial, Crusade, Cruise, Crux.]
Το Liddell & Scott's Greek-English Lexicon ISBN 0198642261 δίνει τον ορισμό στο λήμμα σταυρός ως μέσω της σταυρώσεως (crucifixion):
- II. cross, as the instrument of crucifixion, D.S.2.18, Ev.Matt.27.40, Plu.2.554a; e)pi\ to\n j. a)pa/gesqai Luc.Peregr.34 ; j. lamba/nein, a)=rai, basta/zein , metaph. of voluntary suffering, Ev.Matt.10.38, Ev.Luc.9.23, 14.27: its form was represented by the Greek letter T, Luc.Jud.Voc.12.
H Encyclopedia of Westerns Signs and Ideograms αναφέρει σχετικά με τον crux dissimulata:
Τhe symbol of receptivity open upward toward the spiritual world, is crowned with the cross of matter, representing the actual and continuous existence in the material world. This combination creates the anchor cross, the crux dissimulata, the un-similar cross, a Christian symbol of hope from the time when the Christians in the Roman Empire had to practice their religion in secret because of the persecutions.
H Jewish Encyclopedia γράφει σχετικά με το σταυρό:
The cross as a Christian symbol or "seal" came into use at least as early as the second century (see "Apost. Const." iii. 17; Epistle of Barnabas, xi.-xii.; Justin, "Apologia," i. 55-60; "Dial. cum Tryph." 85-97); and the marking of a cross upon the forehead and the chest was regarded as a talisman against the powers of demons (Tertullian, "De Corona," iii.; Cyprian, "Testimonies," xi. 21-22; Lactantius, "Divinæ Institutiones," iv. 27, and elsewhere). Accordingly the Christian Fathers had to defend themselves, as early as the second century, against the charge of being worshipers of the cross, as may be learned from Tertullian, "Apologia," xii., xvii., and Minucius Felix, "Octavius," xxix. Christians used to swear by the power of the cross (see Apocalypse of Mary, viii., in James, "Texts and Studies," iii. 118).
Ο Τερτυλιανός έγραφε στο έργο του De Corona Militis (208 – 212 μ.Χ.) ότι:
Σε κάθε μας ταξίδι και μετακίνηση, σε κάθε μας είσοδό και έξοδο, όταν φορούμε τα παπούτσια μας, στο λουτρό, στο τραπέζι, όταν ανάβουμε τα κεριά μας, όταν ξαπλώνουμε, όταν καθόμαστε, με ότι κι αν ασχολούμαστε, σχηματίζουμε στο μέτωπό μας το σημείο του σταυρού.
O Boris Bobrinskoy στη μελέτη του Σύντομη Ανασκόπηση της Εικονομαχίας αναφέρει:
Από τους πρώτους ακόμη αιώνες, οι χριστιανοί παρουσίαζαν γραφικά διάφορα θέματα του μυστηρίου της σωτηρίας μας. Η τέχνη των κατακομβών έχει ένα χαρακτήρα συμβολικό ή "εκφραστικό" (Weidlé) περιγράφοντας τη σαρκική παρουσία της χριστιανικής Μύησης και της Λύτρωσης, όπως για παράδειγμα ο Καλός Ποιμένας, το περιστέρι, ο Ιχθύς, το κλήμα, η λύρα, η άγκυρα, η κιβωτός και κυρίως, ο σταυρός. Οι χριστιανοί ονομάστηκαν "εραστές του σταυρού" (Τερτυλλιανός).
Ο Jean Danielou στο έργο του Τα Πρώιμα Χριστιανικά Σύμβολα (Les Symboles Chretiens Primitifs ISBN 2020287714 ) λέει ότι οι πρώτοι Χριστιανοί όχι μόνο χάραζαν το σύμβολο του σταυρού στο μέτωπο αλλά και πάνω στο δέρμα τους με τη μορφή τατουάζ. --Origenis 07:34, 6 Νοεμβρίου 2005 (UTC)