Karbon

Ang karbon o carbono (Iningles carbon) mao ang elementong kimiko sa talaang peryodiko nga may simbolo nga C ug kaiphan nga atomik 6. Ang karbon mao ang wala puthaw.

Carbon
6C
- ↑ C ↓ Si Periodic table boron ← carbon → nitrogen
Panagway
clear (diamond) & black (graphite) Spectral lines of Carbon
Kinatibuk-ang mga kinaiya
Ngalan, simbolo, kaiphan	carbon, C, 6
Paglitok	/ˈkɑːrbən/
Kategoriyang elemento	wala puthaw
Group, period, block	14, 2, p
Gibug-aton sa atomo	12.011(1)
Kontorno sa elektron	[He] 2s2 2p2 2, 4 Electron shells of carbon (2, 4)
History
Pagkadiskobre	Egyptians and Sumerians[1] (3750 BC)
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier[2] (1789)
Physical properties
Phase	magahi
Density (near r.t.)	amorphous:[3] 1.8–2.1 g·cm−3
Density (near r.t.)	diamond: 3.515 g·cm−3
Density (near r.t.)	graphite: 2.267 g·cm−3
Sublimation point	3915 K, 3642 °C, 6588 °F
Triple point	4600 K (4327°C), 10800[4][5] kPa
Heat of fusion	117 (graphite) kJ·mol−1
Molar heat capacity	6.155 (diamond) 8.517 (graphite) J·mol−1·K−1
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	4, 3[6], 2, 1[7], 0, −1, −2, −3, −4[8]
Electronegativity	2.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 1086.5 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 2352.6 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 4620.5 kJ·mol−1
Covalent radius	77(sp³), 73(sp²), 69(sp) pm
Van der Waals radius	170 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	diamond (diamond, clear)
	simple hexagonal (graphite, black)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic[9]
Thermal conductivity	900-2300 (diamond) 119-165 (graphite) W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 0.8 (diamond)[10] µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 18350 (diamond) m·s−1
Young's modulus	1050 (diamond)[10] GPa
Shear modulus	478 (diamond)[10] GPa
Bulk modulus	442 (diamond)[10] GPa
Poisson ratio	0.1 (diamond)[10]
Mohs hardness	10 (diamond) 1-2 (graphite)
CAS registry number	7440-44-0
Most stable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of carbon
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 15 11C syn 20 min β+ 0.96 11B 12C 98.9% 12C is stable with 6 neutrons 13C 1.1% 13C is stable with 7 neutrons 14C trace 5730 y β− 0.15 14N
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Ang mga gi basihan niini

1. "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
2. Senese, Fred (200-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Retrieved 2007-11-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
3. Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
4. Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
5. Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
6. Plantilya:Citeweb
7. Plantilya:Citeweb
8. Plantilya:Citeweb
9. Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
10. Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database

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