হিন্দু সাম্রাজ্য ও রাজবংশের তালিকা
উইকিমিডিয়ার তালিকা নিবন্ধ উইকিপিডিয়া থেকে, বিনামূল্যে একটি বিশ্বকোষ
ভারতীয় উপমহাদেশে বৌদ্ধ, জৈন এবং হিন্দু ধর্মের উত্থানের সাথে হিন্দু সাম্রাজ্যগুলোরও আবির্ভাব ঘটে। সমুদ্রগুপ্তের অধীনে গুপ্ত সাম্রাজ্যের সময়কে কখনও কখনও ভারতের স্বর্ণযুগ হিসাবেও আখ্যায়িত করা হয়।[১]
 | এই নিবন্ধটি ইংরেজি থেকে বাংলায় অনুবাদ করা প্রয়োজন। এই নিবন্ধটি ইংরেজি ভাষায় লেখা হয়েছে। নিবন্ধটি যদি ইংরেজি ভাষার ব্যবহারকারীদের উদ্দেশ্যে লেখা হয়ে থাকে তবে, অনুগ্রহ করে নিবন্ধটি ঐ নির্দিষ্ট ভাষার উইকিপিডিয়াতে তৈরি করুন। অন্যান্য ভাষার উইকিপিডিয়ার তালিকা দেখুন এখানে। এই নিবন্ধটি পড়ার জন্য আপনি গুগল অনুবাদ ব্যবহার করতে পারেন। কিন্তু এ ধরনের স্বয়ংক্রিয় সরঞ্জাম দ্বারা অনুবাদকৃত লেখা উইকিপিডিয়াতে সংযোজন করবেন না, কারণ সাধারণত এই সরঞ্জামগুলোর অনুবাদ মানসম্পন্ন হয় না। |
তালিকা
সারাংশ
প্রসঙ্গ
নিম্নোক্ত তালিকায় হিন্দু সাম্রাজ্য এবং রাজবংশগুলি কালানুক্রমিক ক্রমে গণনা করা হয়েছে।
| সাম্রাজ্য | প্রতিষ্ঠিত | অচল | রাজধানী | ভাষা | আজ যার অংশ | ম্যাপ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| গোপাল রাজবংশ | 1400 BCE | 841 BCE | পশুপতিনাথ মন্দির, গোশালা, কাঠমান্ডু | সংস্কৃত |  নেপাল |
||
| পুণ্ড্রবর্ধন সাম্রাজ্য | 1280 BCE | 345 BCE | মহাস্থানগড় | পালি, সংস্কৃত |  বাংলাদেশ ভারত |
 | |
| কুরু রাজ্য | 1200 BCE | 345 BCE | Āsandīvat, Hastinapura, Indraprastha | সংস্কৃত | ভারত |
||
| অঙ্গ রাজ্য | 1100 BCE | 525 BCE | Champa | Prakrit, সংস্কৃত | ভারত |
||
| বিদর্ভ রাজ্য | 1100 BCE | 500 BCE | Kaundinyapur | সংস্কৃত | India |
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| খাসাস রাজ্য | 1100 BCE | 500 BCE | Kedarnath ('Kedare-Khasa-Mandale') | Sanskrit, Prakrit, Khas language | Nepal India |
||
| পাঞ্চাল রাজ্য | 1100 BCE | 350 CE | Ahichatra, Kampila | Sanskrit | India Nepal |
||
| মহিষাপাল রাজবংশ | 841 BCE | 679 BCE | Kathmandu | Sanskrit | Nepal India |
||
| গান্ধার রাজ্য | 800 BCE | 535 BCE | Puṣkalavati, Taxila, Purushapura | Sanskrit |  Afghanistan Pakistan |
 | |
| Kirata Kingdom | 700 BCE | 300 CE | Yalung, Thankot | Kiranti languages, Sanskrit, Pali Prakrit | Nepal Tibet Bhutan China Pakistan |
||
| Kingdom of Kosala | 700 BCE | 345 BCE | Shravasti, Ayodhya | Sanskrit | India Nepal |
||
| Vajjika League | c. 6th century BCE | c. 468 BCE | Vaishali | Sanskrit | India Nepal |
||
| Malla | Kusinārā, Pāvā | আনু. 7th century | আনু. 4th century BCE | Prakrit | India Nepal |
||
| Matsya Kingdom | 700 BCE | 345 BCE | ViratNagar | Sanskrit | India |
||
| Surasena Kingdom | 700 BCE | 345 BCE | Mathura | Sanskrit | India |
||
| Avanti Kingdom | 700 BCE | 300 BCE | Ujjayini | Sanskrit | India |
||
| Asmaka Kingdom | 700 BCE | 300 BCE | Potali | Sanskrit | India |
||
| Kingdom of Vatsa | 700 BCE | 345 BCE | Kauśāmbī | Sanskrit | India |
||
| Shakya | 700 BCE | 345 BCE | Kapilavastu Tilaurakot, Nepal | Sanskrit, Pali | Nepal India |
||
| Kingdom of Kashi | 700 BCE | 345 BCE | Banaras | Sanskrit | India |
||
| Chedi Kingdom | 700 BCE | 345 BCE | Suktimati | Sanskrit | India |
||
| Heheya Kingdom | Mahishmati | Sanskrit | India |
||||
| Pradyota dynasty | 682 BCE | 544 BCE | Rajagriha | Prakrit, Sanskrit | India Nepal |
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| Haryanka Dynasty | 554 BCE | 413 BCE | Rajagriha, Pataliputra | Prakrit, Sanskrit | India Nepal |
.png) | |
| Kingdom of Tambapanni | 543 BCE | 505 BCE | Tambapanni | Sinhalese, Sanskrit |  Sri Lanka |
||
| Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara | 505 BCE | 377 BCE | Upatissa Nuwara | Sinhalese, Sanskrit | Sri Lanka |
||
| Ror dynasty | 450 BCE | 489 CE | Rori | Sanskrit | Pakistan |
||
| Shishunaga Empire | 413 BCE | 345 BCE | Rajgir, Vaishali, Pataliputra | Prakrit, Sanskrit | India Nepal |
||
| Paurava dynasty[২] | 400 BCE | 301 BCE | Punjab | Sanskrit | India Pakistan | ||
| Anuradhapura Kingdom | 377 BCE | 1017 | Anuradhapura | Sinhalese, Tamil, Sanskrit | Sri Lanka |
 | |
| Malava Empire | 350 BCE | 650 CE | Vidisha | Sanskrit | India |
||
| Nanda Empire | 345 BCE | 322 BCE | Pataliputra | Magadhi Prakrit, Sanskrit | India Bangladesh Nepal Pakistan |
 | |
| মৌর্য সাম্রাজ্য | 322 BCE | 184 BCE | Pataliputra | Magadhi Prakrit, Sanskrit | ভারত
|
 | |
| Chera Dynasty | 300 BCE | 1102 CE | Karur, Kodungallur, Kollam | Sanskrit, Tamil | India |
||
| চোল সাম্রাজ্য | 300 BCE | 1279 CE | Thanjavur, Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Pazhaiyaarai | Sanskrit, Tamil | India Sri Lanka |
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| Pandyan Empire | 300 BCE | 1345 CE | Korkai, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Vizhinjam | Tamil, Sanskrit | India Sri Lanka |
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| গঙ্গাঋদ্ধি | 300 BCE | 200 CE | - | - | Bangladesh Bhutan India |
 | |
| Mahameghavahana dynasty | 225 BCE | 300 CE | Kalinga | Sanskrit | India |
||
| Kuninda Kingdom | 2nd century BCE | 3rd century CE | southern areas of modern Himachal Pradesh | Prakrit, Sanskrit | India |
||
| Shunga Empire | 185 BCE | 75 BCE | Pataliputra, Vidisha | Prakrit, Sanskrit | India Bangladesh Nepal Bhutan |
 | |
| Kingdom of Samatata | 180 BCE | 335 | - | - | Bangladesh India |
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| Deva Dynasty of Saketa | 150 BCE | 10 BCE | Ayodhya | Sanskrit | India |
||
| সাতবাহন সাম্রাজ্য | 100 BCE | 225 CE | Pratishthana, Amaravati | Prakrit, Sanskrit | India |
 | |
| Kanva Dynasty | 75 BCE | 30 BCE | Pataliputra or Vidisha | Sanskrit | India |
||
| Northern Satrap Dynasty | 60 BCE | 150 CE | Sagala, Mathura | Prakrit, Sanskrit | India Pakistan |
 | |
| Chutu dynasty | 30 BCE | 280 CE | Banavasi | Prakrit | India | ||
| Suren Kingdom | 19 CE | 225 CE | Taxila, Kabul | Pali, Parthian, Sanskrit, Greek | Afghanistan পাকিস্তান
|
 | |
| Kshaharata Empire | 35 CE | 405 CE | Ujjain, Barygaza | Pali, Prakrit, Sanskrit | India Pakistan |
 | |
| Funan Empire | 50 CE | 550 CE | Vyadhapura | Khmer, Sanskrit |  Laos Cambodia Thailand Vietnam Myanmar |
 | |
| Nagvanshi Dynasty | 64 CE | 1952 CE | Khukhragarh, Navratangarh | Prakrit, Nagpuri | India |
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| Parataraja Kingdom | 125 CE | 300 CE | Balochistan | Pali, Prakrit, Sanskrit, Scythian | Pakistan Afghanistan |
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| Salakanagara Kingdom | 130 CE | 362 CE | - | Sanskrit |  Indonesia |
||
| Langkasuka Kingdom | 150 CE | 1475 CE | - | Malay |  Malaysia Thailand |
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| Kingdom of Gangga Negara | 150 CE | 1025 CE | Beruas | Malay | Malaysia |
||
| Kingdom of Champa | 192 CE | 1832 CE | Indrapura, Vijaya, Panduranga | Chamic languages, Sanskrit | Vietnam Laos Cambodia |
 | |
| Andhra Ikshvaku Dynasty | 200 CE | 275 CE | - | Prakrit, Sanskrit, Tamil | India |
||
| Abhira dynasty | 203 CE | 370 CE | Anjaneri, Thalner, Prakashe, Bhamer, Asirgarh | Ahirani, | India |
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| Bharashiva Dynasty | 205 CE | 335 CE | Padmavati | Prakrit, Sanskrit | India |
||
| Soma Dynasty | 205 CE | 305 CE | Kathmandu | Sanskrit | Nepal |
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| গুপ্ত সাম্রাজ্য | 240 CE | 550 CE | Pataliputra | Prakrit, Sanskrit | India Bangladesh Pakistan Nepal Afghanistan |
 | |
| Kalabhra Empire | 250 CE | 600 CE | Kaveripumpattinam, Madurai | Prakrit, | India |
 | |
| Paurava Dynasty (reinstated)[৩] | আনু. 4th century CE | আনু. 7th century CE | Brahmapur | Sanskrit | India |
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| পল্লব সাম্রাজ্য | 275 CE | 897 CE | Kanchipuram | Tamil, Prakrit, Sanskrit | India |
 | |
| Licchavi dynasty | 305 CE | 1200 CE | Kathmandu | Bajjika, Sanskrit | Nepal India Bhutan |
||
| Kataha | 330 CE | 1136 CE | Kataha | Old Malay, Sanskrit | Malaysia |
||
| Kadamba Empire | 345 CE | 525 CE | Banavasi | Kannada, Sanskrit | India |
 | |
| Aulikara Dynasty | 350 CE | 550 CE | Mandsaur | Sanskrit | India |
||
| Western Ganga Dynasty | 350 CE | 575 CE | Talakadu, Kolar | Kannada, Sanskrit | India |
 | |
| কামরূপ রাজ্য | 350 CE | 1140 CE | Pragjyotishpura, Haruppeswara, Durjaya | Assamese, Prakrit, Sanskrit | India Bhutan Bangladesh Myanmar |
 | |
| Tarumanagara Kingdom | 358 CE | 669 CE | Sundapura | Sundanese, Sanskrit | Indonesia |
 | |
| Kutai Martadipura | 399 CE | 1635 CE | Muara Kaman | Sanskrit, probably old version of Kutainese language | Indonesia |
||
| Vishnukundina Dynasty | 420 CE | 624 CE | Nalgonda, Eluru, Amaravati | Sanskrit, Prakrit | India |
||
| Sharabhapuriya Dynasty | 465 CE | 590 CE | Sharabhapura | Sanskrit | India |
||
| Maitraka Dynasty | 475 CE | 776 CE | Vallabhi | Apabhramsa, Prakrit, Sanskrit, Sauraseni | India |
||
| Pushyabhuti Dynasty | 500 | 647 | Sthanvishvara, Kanyakubja | Sanskrit | India Bangladesh Nepal Bhutan Pakistan |
 | |
| Nala Kingdom | 515 | 585 | Pushkari | Sanskrit | India |
||
| Rai Dynasty | 524 | 632 | Aror | Sanskrit | Pakistan |
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| চালুক্য সাম্রাজ্য | 543 | 753 | Badami | Kannada, Sanskrit | India |
 | |
| Kalachuri Dynasty | 550 | 620 | Mahishmati | Sanskrit | India |
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| Chenla Empire | 550 | 802 | Shrestapura, Bhavapura, Isanapura, Shambhupura | Khmer, Sanskrit | Cambodia Thailand Laos Vietnam |
 | |
| Chahamana Dynasty | 550 | 1194 | Shakambhari | Prakrit, Sanskrit | India |
||
| Maukhari Dynasty | 550 | 800 | Kannauj | Sanskrit | India |
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| Kalingga Kingdom | 550 | 650 | - | Old Javanese, Sanskrit | Indonesia |
 | |
| Gauda Kingdom | 590 | 626 | Karnasuvarna | - | India Bangladesh |
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| Panduvamshi Dynasty | 600 | 790 | Shripura | Sanskrit | India |
||
| Eastern Chalukya Empire | 624 | 1189 | Vengi, Rajahmundry | Sanskrit, Telugu | India |
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| Karkota Empire | 625 | 885 | Srinagar, Parihaspore | Sanskrit | India Pakistan Afghanistan Bangladesh |
.jpg) | |
| Brahman Dynasty of Sindh | 632 | 724 | - | Sanskrit | ভারত
|
 | |
| Srivijaya Empire | 650 | 1377 | Palembang, Chaiya, Jambi | Old Malay, Sanskrit | Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand Cambodia Philippines Vietnam Brunei Taiwan |
 | |
| Shailendra Dynasty | 650 | 1025 | Kedu Plain | Old Javanese, Sanskrit | Indonesia |
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| Galuh Kingdom | 669 | 1482 | Kawali | Sundanese, Sanskrit | Indonesia |
 | |
| Sunda Kingdom | 669 | 1579 | Kawali, Pakuan Pajajaran | Sundanese, Sanskrit | Indonesia |
 | |
| Kalachuri Tripuri Dynasty | 675 | 1212 | Tripuri | Prakrit, Sanskrit | India |
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| Garhwal Kingdom | 688 CE | 1949 CE | Srinagar, Uttarakhand Tehri Narendranagar |
Garhwali, Jaunsari, Sanskrit | India |
 | |
| Chavda Dynasty | 690 | 942 | Panchasar, Aṇahilaváḍa | Prakrit | India |
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| Mallabhum Kingdom | 694 | 1800 | Laugram, Pradyumnapur, Bishnupur | Sanskrit, Prakrit | India Bangladesh |
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| Katyuri kings (Karttikeyapur) | 700 CE | 1065 CE | Joshimath later shifted to Baijnath, Uttarakhand | Khas, Sanskrit, Prakrit | India Nepal |
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| Chand kings | 700 CE | 1790 CE | Champawat | Kumaoni, Dotyali, Nepali | India Nepal Tibet |
 | |
| Limbuwan | 7th Century CE | 1774 | Morang, Bijaypur | Limbu, Lepcha | Nepal India Bhutan |
 | |
| Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty | 730 | 1036 | Kannauj | Prakrit, Sanskrit | India Nepal
| ||
| Mataram Kingdom | 732 | 1006 | Mamratipura | Old Javanese, Sanskrit | Indonesia |
 | |
| Saindhava Dynasty | 735 | 920 | Bhutamabilika | Prakrit, Sanskrit | India |
||
| Tomara Dynasty | 736 | 1151 | Delhi | Prakrit, Sanskrit | India |
||
| পাল সাম্রাজ্য | 750 | 1199 | Bikrampur, Pataliputra, Gauda, Monghyr, Somapura, Mahipal, Ramavati | Prakrit, Sanskrit | Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan |
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| Haripunjaya Kingdom | 750 | 1292 | Lamphun | Thai | Thailand |
 | |
| রাষ্ট্রকূট সাম্রাজ্য | 753 | 982 | Manyakheta | Kannada, Sanskrit | India |
 | |
| Khmer Empire | 802 | 1431 | Mahendraparvata, Hariharalaya, Koh Ker, Yasodharapura | Khmer, Sanskrit | Cambodia Laos Myanmar Thailand Vietnam |
 | |
| Chudasama Dynasty | 825 | 1472 | Vamanasthali, Junagadh | Old Gujarati, Prakrit | India |
||
| চোল সাম্রাজ্য | 848 | 1279 | Pazhaiyaarai, Thanjavur, Gangaikonda Cholapuram | Tamil, Sanskrit | India Bangladesh Sri Lanka Maldives Indonesia Singapore Malaysia Thailand Myanmar |
 |
|
| Somavamshi Dynasty | 850 | 1150 | Yayatinagara | Sanskrit | India |
||
| Yadava Dynasty | 850 | 1334 | Devagiri | Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit | India |
||
| Utpala Dynasty | 855 | 1003 | Avantipur | Sanskrit | India Afghanistan Pakistan |
||
| Hindu Shahi Dynasty | 879 | 1026 | Kabul | Sanskrit | Pakistan Afghanistan India |
 | |
| Paramara Dynasty | 900 | 1305 | Dhar | Prakrit, Sanskrit | India |
||
| Bali Kingdom | 914 | 1908 | Bedulu, Samprangan, Gelgel, Klungkung | Kawi, Balinese | Indonesia |
 | |
| Pagan Empire | 940 | 1297 | Pagan | Burmese, Mon, Pyu | Myanmar |
 | |
| Khasa Malla kingdom | 954 | 1450 | Sinja Valley, Nepal | Khas, Sanskrit, Kumaoni, Dotyali | Nepal India Tibet |
 | |
| Western Chalukya Empire | 973 | 1189 | Manyakheta, Basavakalyan | Kannada, Sanskrit | India |
 | |
| Rajahnate of Butuan | 1001 | 1756 | Butuan | Butuanon, Old Malay | Philippines |
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| Lohara Dynasty | 1003 | 1320 | Srinagar | Sanskrit | India Afghanistan Pakistan |
||
| Kingdom of Polonnaruwa | 1017 | 1310 | Polonnaruwa | Pali, Sanskrit | India |
||
| Kahuripan Kingdom | 1019 | 1045 | Kahuripan | Old Javanese, Sanskrit | Indonesia |
 | |
| Hoysala Empire | 1026 | 1343 | Halebidu, Belur | Kannada, Sanskrit | India |
 | |
| Janggala Kingdom | 1045 | 1136 | Hujung Galuh | Old Javanese, Sanskrit | Indonesia |
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| Kediri Kingdom | 1045 | 1221 | Kadiri | Old Javanese, Sanskrit | Indonesia |
| |
| সেন সাম্রাজ্য | 1070 | 1230 | Nabadwip | Sanskrit | Bangladesh India |
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| Eastern Ganga Empire | 1078 | 1434 | Dantapura, Kalinganagara, Kataka | Sanskrit | India |
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| Gahadavala Dynasty | 1080 | 1194 | Varanasi, Kanyakubja | Sanskrit | India |
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| Karnat Dynasty | 1097 | 1324 | Simraungadh | Maithili, Sanskrit | Nepal India |
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| Chero dynasty | 12th CE | 18th CE | Bhojpuri, Nagpuri | India |
|||
| Sambhuvaraya Dynasty | 1150 | 1375 | Rajagambhiram, Padaveedu | Sanskrit, Tamil | India |
||
| Vanni Nadu Dynasty | 1150 | 1803 | Vanni | Tamil, Sanskrit | Sri Lanka |
||
| Deva Dynasty | 1156 | 1250 | Bikrampur | Bengali, Sanskrit | Bangladesh India |
||
| Kakatiya Dynasty | 1163 | 1323 | Orugallu | Sanskrit, Telugu | India |
||
| Khen Dynasty | 1185 | 1498 | Kamarupanagara, Kamatapura | Assamese, Kamtapuri | India Myanmar |
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| Sutiya Kingdom | 1187 | 1673 | Swarnagiri, Ratnapur, Sadiya | Assamese, Sanskrit | India |
 | |
| Malla Dynasty | 1200 | 1768 | Bhaktapur, Kathmandu, Patan, Nepal | Newari, | Nepal |
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| Doti Rainka kingdom | 13th century | 1790 | Dipayal Silgadhi, Nepal | Dotyali, Khas, Sanskrit, Kumaoni | Nepal India Tibet |
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| Jaffna Kingdom | 1215 | 1624 | Nallur | Tamil, Sanskrit | Sri Lanka |
 | |
| Singhasari Kingdom | 1222 | 1292 | Tumapel | Old Javanese, Sanskrit | Indonesia |
 | |
| Ahom Kingdom | 1228 | 1826 | Charaideo, Garhgaon, Rangpur, Jorhat | Assamese, Tai-Ahom | India Myanmar |
 | |
| Sambhuvaraya Dynasty | 1236 | 1375 | Rajagambhiram, Padaveedu | Tamil, Sanskrit | India |
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| Yajvapala Dynasty | 1237 | 1289 | Nalapura | - | India |
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| Vaghela Dynasty | 1244 | 1304 | Dholka | Apabhramsa, Old Gujarati, Prakrit | India |
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| Rajahnate of Cebu | 1250 | 1565 | Singhapala | Cebuano, Old Malay, Middle Tamil | Philippines |
 | |
| Majapahit Empire | 1293 | 1527 | Majapahit, Wilwatikta | Old Javanese, Sanskrit | Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Brunei Thailand Timor Leste Philippines Australia |
 | |
| Sena Dynasty (Nepal) | 13th Century CE | 18th Century CE | Makwanpurgadhi, Chaudandi, Palpa | Nepali, Maithili Language, Khas, Bengali, Sanskrit | Nepal India |
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| Reddy Dynasty | 1325 | 1448 | Addanki, Kondavidu, Rajahmundry | Telugu, Sanskrit | India |
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| Musunuri Nayakas | 1150 | 1369 | Warangal | Telugu, Sanskrit | India |
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| বিজয়নগর সাম্রাজ্য | 1336 | 1646 | Vijayanagara, Penukonda, Chandragiri | Kannada, Sanskrit, Telugu | India |
 | |
| Oiniwar Dynasty | 1353 | 1526 | Madhubani | Maithili language | India |
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| Kallala dynasty | 1404 | 1789 | Sinja Valley | Khas language, Nepali, Sanskrit | Nepal India |
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| Gajapati Kingdom | 1434 | 1541 | Cuttack | Odia | India |
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| Bhoi dynasty | 1541 | 1947 | Cuttack, Puri, Khurda | Odia | India |
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| Koch Dynasty | 1515 | 1949 | Chikana, Kamatapur | Kamtapuri, Assamese, Bengali, Sanskrit | India |
 | |
| Madurai Nayak Dynasty | 1529 | 1736 | Madurai, Tiruchirapalli | Tamil, Sanskrit | India |
 | |
| Thanjavur Nayak Kingdom | 1532 | 1673 | Thanjavur | Tamil, Sanskrit | India |
 | |
| গোর্খা রাজ্য | 1559 | 1768 | Gorkha Darbar | Nepali | Nepal |
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| Raj Darbhanga | 1577 | 1947 | Darbhanga | Maithili | India |
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| Maratha Empire | 1674 | 1818 | Raigad, Gingee, Satara, Pune | Marathi, Sanskrit | India Pakistan |
 | |
| Pudukkottai Kingdom | 1680 | 1800 | Pudukkottai | Tamil, Sanskrit | India |
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| Sivaganga Kingdom | 1725 | 1733 | Sivaganga | Tamil | India |
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| Kingdom of Nepal | ১৮৬৮ | ২০০৮ | Kathmandu | Nepali, Sanskrit | Nepal India China Bangladesh |
 | |
| Dogra Dynasty | ১৮৪৬ | ১৯৫২ | Jammu | Dogri | India Pakistan China |
দ্রষ্টব্য: যে রাজ্যগুলি ব্রিটিশ সাম্রাজ্যের রাজকীয় রাজ্য হিসাবে কাজ করেছিল সে সময়কাল ছাড়া উল্লেখ করা হয়নি যখন তারা সার্বভৌম নিয়ন্ত্রণ প্রয়োগ করেছিল।
| এই নিবন্ধটি অসম্পূর্ণ। আপনি চাইলে এটিকে সম্প্রসারিত করে উইকিপিডিয়াকে সাহায্য করতে পারেন। |
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