Nilam atawa nélam atawa safir adalah bentuk kristal tunggal aluminium oksida (Al2O3), suatu mineral nang dipinandui sebagay korundum. Nilam kawa tahaga secara alami sebagay batu permata atawa kawa jua difabrikasi pada boule hablur ganal gasan macam-macam tujuan, temasuk komponén optik infra habang, permukaan jam, longkang nang nahap, wan wafer gasan deposisi semikonduktor nang kaya nanorod GaN.
Kelompok korundum temasuk aluminium murni. Sa'ikit unsur lain nang kaya wasi, titanium, wan kromium meunjuki warna biru, kuning, habang anum, bigi ramania, jingga, atawa hijau gasan nilam. Nilam temasuk semunyaan variasi kualitas mineral korundum kecuali nang warna habang jenuh penuh, nang dipinandui sebagay Mirah delima.
Baca'an lain
- Scheel, Hans J. and Tsuguo Fukuda, Eds, 2003, Crystal Growth Technology[permanent dead link], John Wiley & Sons ISBN 0-471-49059-8
- Sofianides, Anna S. and George E. Harlow, 1997, Gems & Crystals, Parkgate Books, pp. 44-55 ISBN 1-85585-391-4
- Texas Natural Science Center], Mineral Lore and Mythology, 2006
- Wojtilla, G. Indian precious stones in the ancient East and West, Acta Orientakia (Budapest) 27, 2, 211-224.
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