Hökumət
Çexiya plüralist çoxpartiyalı parlamentar nümayəndəli demokratiyadır. Çexiya Parlamenti (çex. Parlament České republiky) Deputatlar Palatası (çex. Poslanecká sněmovna, 200 üzv) və Senatdan (çex. Senát, 81 üzv) ibarət ikipalatalıdır.[1] Deputatlar Palatasının üzvləri 5% seçki baryeri ilə proporsional seçki sistemi ilə dörd il müddətinə seçilirlər. Ölkənin inzibati rayonları ilə eyni sayda 14 seçki dairəsi var. Senatın üzvləri bir mandatli seçki dairələri üzrə iki turdan ibarət ikinci tur səsvermə yolu ilə altı il müddətinə seçilir, üçdə biri isə hər ilin payızında seçilir.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Slib_poslanc%C5%AF_8._listopadu_2021.jpg/640px-Slib_poslanc%C5%AF_8._listopadu_2021.jpg)
Prezident məhdud və spesifik səlahiyyətlərə malik olan rəsmi dövlət başçısıdır, baş naziri, eləcə də baş nazirin təklifi ilə kabinetin digər üzvlərini təyin edir. 1993-cü ildən 2012-ci ilə qədər Çexiya Prezidenti parlamentin birgə iclası tərəfindən ardıcıl iki müddətdən çox olmayaraq beş il müddətinə seçildi (2 dəfə Vatslav Havel, 2 dəfə Vatslav Klaus). 2013-cü ildən prezident birbaşa seçilir.[2] Bəzi şərhçilər prezidentin birbaşa seçilməsinin tətbiqi ilə Çexiyanın parlament sistemindən uzaqlaşaraq yarı-prezident sisteminə keçdiyini iddia edirlər.[3] Hökumətin icra hakimiyyətini həyata keçirməsi Konstitusiyadan irəli gəlir. Hökumətin üzvləri baş nazir, baş nazirin müavinləri və digər nazirlərdir. Hökumət Deputatlar Palatası qarşısında cavabdehdir.[4] Baş nazir hökumətin başçısıdır və əksər xarici və daxili siyasətin gündəliyini təyin etmək və hökumət nazirlərini seçmək hüququ kimi səlahiyyətlərə malikdir.[5]
Vəzifəsi | Adı | Partiyası | Vəzifəyə gəldiyi tarix |
---|---|---|---|
Prezident | Petr Pavel | Bitərəf | 9 mart 2023-cü il |
Senatın sədri | Miloş Vıstrçil | Vətəndaş Demokratiya Partiyası | 19 fevral 2020-ci il |
Deputatlar Palatasının sədri | Marketa Pekarova Adamova | TOP 09 | 10 noyabr 2021-ci il |
Baş nazir | Petr Fiala | Vətəndaş Demokratiya Partiyası | 28 noyabr 2021-ci il |
Hüquq
Brnoda yerləşən Çexiya Konstitusiya Məhkəməsinin daxili.
The Czech Republic is a unitary state,[6] with a civil law system based on the continental type, rooted in Germanic legal culture. The basis of the legal system is the Constitution of the Czech Republic adopted in 1993.[7] The Penal Code is effective from 2010. A new Civil code became effective in 2014. The court system includes district, county, and supreme courts and is divided into civil, criminal, and administrative branches. The Czech judiciary has a triumvirate of supreme courts. The Constitutional Court consists of 15 constitutional judges and oversees violations of the Constitution by either the legislature or by the government.[7] The Supreme Court is formed of 67 judges and is the court of highest appeal for most legal cases heard in the Czech Republic. The Supreme Administrative Court decides on issues of procedural and administrative propriety. It also has jurisdiction over certain political matters, such as the formation and closure of political parties, jurisdictional boundaries between government entities, and the eligibility of persons to stand for public office.[7] The Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court are both based in Brno, as is the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office.[7]
Xarici siyasət
- Həmçinin bax: Xarici İşlər Nazirliyi (Çexiya)
Visa-free entry countries for Czech citizens in green, EU in blue (see citizenship of the European Union)
The Czech Republic has ranked as one of the safest or most peaceful countries for the past few decades.[8] It is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, OECD, Council of Europe and is an observer to the Organization of American States.[9] The embassies of most countries with diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic are located in Prague, while consulates are located across the country.
The Czech passport is restricted by visas. According to the 2018 Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index, Czech citizens have visa-free access to 173 countries, which ranks them 7th along with Malta and New Zealand.[10] The World Tourism Organization ranks the Czech passport 24th.[11] The US Visa Waiver Program applies to Czech nationals.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Czernin_Palast_Prag.jpg/640px-Czernin_Palast_Prag.jpg)
The Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs have primary roles in setting foreign policy, although the President also has influence and represents the country abroad. Membership in the European Union and NATO is central to the Czech Republic's foreign policy. The Office for Foreign Relations and Information (ÚZSI) serves as the foreign intelligence agency responsible for espionage and foreign policy briefings, as well as protection of Czech Republic's embassies abroad.
The Czech Republic has ties with Slovakia, Poland and Hungary as a member of the Visegrád Group,[12] as well as with Germany,[13] Israel,[14] the United States[15] and the European Union and its members. After 2020, relations with Asian democratic states, such as Taiwan, are being strengthened.[16] Conversely, the Czech Republic has long had bad relations with Russia, and from 2021 the Czech Republic appears on Russia's official list of enemy countries.[17] The Czech Republic also has problematic relations with China.
Czech officials have supported dissenters in Belarus, Moldova, Myanmar and Cuba.[18]
Famous Czech diplomats of the past included Jaroslav Lev of Rožmitál, Humprecht Jan Czernin, Count Philip Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau, Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Prince Karl Philipp Schwarzenberg, Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal, Ottokar Czernin, Edvard Beneš, Jan Masaryk, Jiří Hájek, Jiří Dienstbier, Michael Žantovský, Petr Kolář, Alexandr Vondra, Prince Karel Schwarzenberg and Petr Pavel.
Military
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dejvice%2C_gener%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1b.jpg/640px-Dejvice%2C_gener%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1b.jpg)
The Czech armed forces consist of the Czech Land Forces, the Czech Air Force and of specialized support units. The armed forces are managed by the Ministry of Defence. The President of the Czech Republic is Commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In 2004 the army transformed itself into a fully professional organization and compulsory military service was abolished. The country has been a member of NATO since 12 March 1999. Defence spending is approximately 1.28% of the GDP (2021).[19] The armed forces are charged with protecting the Czech Republic and its allies, promoting global security interests, and contributing to NATO.
Currently, as a member of NATO, the Czech military are participating in the Resolute Support and KFOR operations and have soldiers in Afghanistan, Mali, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Egypt, Israel and Somalia. The Czech Air Force also served in the Baltic states and Iceland.[20] The main equipment of the Czech military includes JAS 39 Gripen multi-role fighters, Aero L-159 Alca combat aircraft, Mi-35 attack helicopters, armored vehicles (Pandur II, OT-64, OT-90, BVP-2) and tanks (T-72 and T-72M4CZ).
The most famous Czech, and therefore Czechoslovak, soldiers and military leaders of the past were Ottokar II of Bohemia, John of Bohemia, Jan Žižka, Albrecht von Wallenstein, Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg, Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, Josef Šnejdárek, Heliodor Píka, Ludvík Svoboda, Jan Kubiš, Jozef Gabčík, František Fajtl and Petr Pavel.
Human rights
- Həmçinin bax: LGBT rights in the Czech Republic
Human rights in the Czech Republic are guaranteed by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms and international treaties on human rights. Nevertheless, there were cases of human rights violations such as discrimination against Roma children,[21] for which the European Commission asked the Czech Republic to provide an explanation,[22] or the illegal sterilization of Roma women,[23] for which the government apologized.[24]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Logo_of_People_in_Need.png/640px-Logo_of_People_in_Need.png)
Prague is the seat of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Today, the station is based in Hagibor. At the beginning of the 1990s, Václav Havel personally invited her to Czechoslovakia.[25]
People of the same sex can enter into a "registered partnership" in the Czech Republic. Conducting same-sex marriage is not legal under current Czech law.[26]
The best-known Czech activists and supporters of human rights include Berta von Suttner, born in Prague, who won the Nobel Peace Prize for her pacifist struggle, philosopher and the first Czechoslovak president Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, student Jan Palach, who set himself on fire in 1969 in protest against the Soviet occupation, Karel Schwarzenberg, who was chairman of the International Helsinki Committee for Human Rights between 1984 and 1990, Václav Havel, long-time dissident and later president, sociologist and dissident Jiřina Šiklová and Šimon Pánek, founder and director of the People in Need organization.
Administrative divisions
- Since 2000, the Czech Republic has been divided into thirteen regions (Czech: kraje, singular kraj) and the capital city of Prague. Every region has its own elected regional assembly and a regional governor. In Prague, the assembly and presidential powers are executed by the city council and the mayor.
The older seventy-six districts (okresy, singular okres) including three "statutory cities" (without Prague, which had special status) lost most of their importance in 1999 in an administrative reform; they remain as territorial divisions and seats of various branches of state administration.[27]
The smallest administrative units are obce (municipalities). As of 2021, the Czech Republic is divided into 6,254 municipalities. Cities and towns are also municipalities. The capital city of Prague is a region and municipality at the same time.
- "The Constitution of the Czech Republic – Article 16". Czech Republic. 3 September 2015 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 8 August 2015.
- "Klaus signs Czech direct presidential election implementing law". Czech Press Agency. 1 August 2012. 16 January 2013 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 7 November 2012.
- Hloušek, Vít. "Is the Czech Republic on its Way to Semi-Presidentialism?". Baltic Journal of Law & Politics. 7 (2). 11 March 2015: 95–118. doi:10.1515/bjlp-2015-0004.
- "Members of the Government". Government of the Czech Republic. 31 August 2015 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 8 August 2015.
- "Prime Minister". Government of the Czech Republic. 4 March 2016 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 8 August 2015.
- Cabada, Ladislav; Waisová, Šárka. Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic in World Politics. Lexington Books. 2011. səh. 18. ISBN 978-0-7391-6733-5.
- Kuklík, Jan. Czech Law in Historical Contexts. Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press. 2015. 221–234. ISBN 978-80-246-2860-8.
- "Global Peace Index 2020" (PDF). visionofhumanity.org. Institute for Economics and Peace. 9 October 2022 tarixində arxivləşdirilib (PDF).
- "The Czech Republic's Membership in International Organizations". United States State Department. İstifadə tarixi: 8 August 2015.
- "The Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index 2018. Data accurate as of 16 January 2018" (PDF). 9 May 2018 tarixində arxivləşdirilib (PDF). İstifadə tarixi: 13 March 2018.
- "Visa Openness Report 2016" (PDF). World Tourism Organization. 23 January 2016 tarixində orijinalından (PDF) arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 17 January 2016.
- "About the Visegrad Group". Visegrád Group. 15 August 2006. 17 July 2015 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 8 August 2015.
- "Společné prohlášení ke strategickému dialogu mezi Ministerstvem zahraničních věcí České republiky a Ministerstvem zahraničních věcí Spolkové republiky Německo jako novém rámci pro česko-německé vztahy" (PDF). German embassy in the Czech Republic. 3 September 2015 tarixində orijinalından (PDF) arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 8 August 2015.
- "Czech Vote Against Palestine: Only European Nation At UN To Vote Against Palestinian State Was Czech Republic". The Huffington Post. 30 November 2012. 24 September 2015 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 8 August 2015.
- "Czech-U.S. Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic. 15 October 2015 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 8 August 2015.
- "Programové prohlášení vlády". Vlada.cz (çex). İstifadə tarixi: 30 March 2023.
- "Rusko zveřejnilo seznam nepřátelských zemí. Jsou na něm jen dvě: Česko a USA" (çex). Aktuálně.cz. 14 May 2021. İstifadə tarixi: 30 March 2023.
- "Czechs with few mates". The Economist. 30 August 2007. 25 September 2009 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 8 August 2015.
- "Resortní rozpočet". Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic. 2 August 2015 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 8 August 2015.
- "Foreign Operations". Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic. 6 March 2016 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 25 March 2016.
- "Diskriminace Romů v českých školách jako evropský problém". 1 April 2016. 1 April 2016 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 15 November 2022.
- "Evropská komise žádá Česko o data kvůli diskriminaci Romů ve školách". iDNES.cz (çex). 25 September 2014. İstifadə tarixi: 15 November 2022.
- "Evropský soud tlačí vládu k odškodnění za nedobrovolné sterilizace romských žen". llp.cz. Liga lidských práv. 2 April 2016. 2 April 2016 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 15 November 2022.
- "Vláda: Litujeme nezákonných sterilizací romských žen". Lidovky.cz (çex). 23 November 2009. İstifadə tarixi: 15 November 2022.
- "Launch of RFE broadcasts from Prague recalled on 20th anniversary". Radio Prague International. 1 July 2015. İstifadə tarixi: 30 March 2023.
- Lopatka, Jan; Hovet, Jason. "Czech lawmakers give first nod to same-sex marriage bill, opposition ahead". Reuters. İstifadə tarixi: 19 August 2023.
- "The death of the districts". 3 January 2003. 15 February 2010 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 13 September 2014.
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