Парс мацӀ

Парс, Парси, ялъуни жиндирго эндонималда Фарси (فارسی, Fārsī, [fɒːɾˈsiː]) буго Гьиндгин европаялъулал мацӀазул Гьиндгин ираналъулаб гӀаркьелалъул ираналъулал мацӀазул жиб кколеб бакътӀерхьул ираналъулаб мацӀ. Парс мацӀ ккола плюрицентрикияб мацӀлъун, жиб аслияб къагӀидаялъ кӀалъалеб мацӀ хӀисабалдаги бугеб, расмияб къагӀидаялда жибги Ираналдаги Афгъанистаналдаги Таджикистаналдаги хӀалтӀизабулеб, гьебги буго гьоркьоб бичӀчӀиги бугеб лъабго стандартияб варианталда: Ираналъул парс, Дари парс (1958 соналдаса нахъе расмияб цӀар буго Дари)^[9] ва Таджик парс (Совет заманалдаса нахъе расмияб цӀар Таджик).^[10] Гьелда кӀалъала Узбекистаналда ругел таджикалги,^[11][12][13] гьединго гьеб мацӀ хӀалтӀизабула КӀудияб Ираналъул тарихияб ва маданияб сфераялде кколел территорияздаги. Парс мацӀалъе хӀалтӀизабулеб расмияб хъвай-хъвагӀи буго гӀараб аслуялда бугеб парс алипба Ираналдаги Афгъанистаналдаги ва кириллица Таджикистаналда.

Парс
فارسی (фāрси), форсӣ (фарси)
Фарси абураб рагІи, настагІликъ хатІалда хъвараб)
Абулеб куц	[fɒːɾˈsiː]
Территория	Иран[1] Афгъанистан[1] (Дари мацІ хІисабалда) Таджикистан[1] (Таджик мацІ хІисабалда) Узбекистан (Таджик мацІ хІисабалда) ГІиракъ[2] Туркменистан[3] (as Tajik) Россия[4][5] Азарбижан[6]
КӀалъалел	70 миллион[7] (кинавниги 110 млн)[6]
МацӀазул хъизан	Индо-европиял Гьиндгун ираналъулал мацІал Ираналъулал мацІал БакътІархьул ираналъулал мацІал Жанубиябгин бакътІерхьул ираналъулал мацІал Парс
Цесел формаби	НекІсияб парс мацІ Гьоркьохъеб парс мацІ Цебесеб цІияб парс мацІ
Стандартал формаби	Ираналъул парс Дари Таджик
Диалектал	Ираналъул парс Дари Таджик Бухори Пагьлавани Гьазараги Аймакъ ЖугьутІгин парс Дегьвари ЖугьутІгин тат мацІ[6] Кавказалъул тат[6] Эрмениябгин тат[6]
Хъвавул система	Парс алипба (Иран ва Афгъанистан) Таджик алипба (Таджикистан) ЖугьутІ алипба Парс Брайл
Официалаб статус
Официалаб мес	Халип:Флаг / Iran (Фарси хІисабалда)[8] Халип:Флаг / Афгъанистан (Дари мацІ хІисабалда) Халип:Флаг / Таджикистан (Таджик мацІ хІисабалда)
Регулация гьаби	Парс мацІалъул ва адабияталъул академия (Иран) Афгъанистаналъул гІелмабазул академия (Афгъанистан) Таджик мацІалъул ва адабияталъул комитет (Таджикистан)
МацӀалъул кодал
ISO 639-1	fa
ISO 639-2	per (B) fas (T)
ISO 639-3	fas – инклусивияб код Индивидуалал кодал: pes – Ираналъул парс мацІ prs – Дари мацІ tgk – Таджик макІ aiq – Аймакъ сверел bhh – Бухори сверел haz – Гьазараги сверел jpr – ЖугьутІгин парс мацІ phv – Пагьлавани deh – Дегьвари jdt – ЖугьутІгин тат мацІ ttt – Кавказалъул тат
Glottolog	fars1254
Linguasphere	58-AAC (Wider Persian) > 58-AAC-c (Central Persian)
Парс мацІ тІоцебесеб мацІлъул бугеб территория (сверелалги гъорлъе рачун)
Парс лингвосфера. Легенда   Расмияб мацІ   КІалъалезул къадар 1 000 000-алдаса цІикІкІараб   КІалъалезул къадар 500 000–1 000 000 гьоркьоб   КІалъалезул къадар 100 000 – 500 000 гьоркьоб   КІалъалезул къадар 25 000 – 100 000 гьоркьоб   КІалъалезул къадар 25 000 / гьечІо
Гьанир руго ИФАлъул фонетикиял симболал. Кколеб кверчӀвай гьечӀони, нужеда бихьизе бегьула гьикъул гӀужур, ункъбокӀон, яги цогидал симболал Юникодалъул гӀужразул бакӀалда. ИФА симболазе байбихьул нухмалъи балагье гьаниб: Квеки:ИФА.

Парс мацӀ ккола давамлъун гьоркьохъеб парс мацӀалъул, жибги Сасаниязул мпериялъул (224–651) динияб ва адабияталъул мацӀлъун букӀараб, ахирисеб ккола жиб Ахемениязул империялда (550–330 н. щ.) хӀалтӀизабулеб букӀараб некӀсияб парс мацІалъул давамлъун.^[14][15] Гьеб мацӀалъул байбихьи буго Ираналъул жанубиябгин бакътӀрхьуда бугеб Парс икълималдаса.^[16] Грамматика гьелъул буго гӀемерисел европаялъулал мацӀазулазда релълъараб.^[17]

Тарихалда жаниб, Парс мацӀ букӀана къадру бугеб маданияб мацӀлъун, жибги БакътӀерхьул Азиялдаги, Жанубияб Азиялдаги Гьоркьохъеб Азиялдаги рукӀарал империяз хӀалтӀизабулеб букӀараб.^[18] НекӀсияб парс мацӀалъул хъвай-хъвагӀаби рихьизарун руго нилъеде щвелалде VӀ ва ӀV гӀасрабазда гьоркьоб заманалда некӀсияб парс лъутӀхъваялда гьарурал хӀалтӀабаз, гьоркьохъеб парс мацӀалъул адабият бихьизабун буго арамеял (пагьлави ваминихеяб) хъвай-хъвагӀабазги, Парфиялъул империялъул заманалда жал гьарурал, ва гьединго руго ӀӀӀ ва X гӀасрабазда гьоркьоб заманалда хъварал мажусазул тӀахьаздаги. ЦӀияб парс адабият тӀегьазе байбихьана гӀарабаз Иран кверде босун хадуб, гьелдаса байбихьун хъвай-хъвагӀи бачуна гӀарабалде, гьелъул бищун цересел хъвай-хъвагӀаби ратун руго ӀX гӀасруялда гьарурал.^[19] Парс мацӀ лъугьуна Исламалъул дуняллалда гӀараб мацӀалъул гӀадаб цӀикӀкӀараб кӀвар бугеб мацӀлъун.^[18] Парс мацӀалда поэзия хъвай тӀибитӀараб жо букӀана гӀемерал бакъбаккул пачалъиязда.[10] Гьоркьохъел гӀасрабазул парс адабияталъул бищун машгьурал хӀалтӀаби ккола Фирдавсил Шагьнамегь, Румил хӀалтӀаби, ГӀумар ХӀаямил Рубаят, Низамил Панж Ганж, ХӀафизил Диван, Аттар Нишапурил ХӀанчӀазул мантӀикъ ва СагӀади Ширазиясул Гулистан ва Бустан мажмугӀ.

Парс мацӀалъ цӀакъ кӀудияб асар гьабуна мадугьалихъ рукӀарал мацӀазе: ираналъулал, тюрк, армен, гьиндгин ариян, кавказалъул, гьенибго гъорлъ авар мацӀги. ГӀемерал рагӀаби руго авар мацӀалда парс мацӀалдаса рачӀарал. Гьединго цо асар букӀана гӀараб мацӀалдеги,^[20] гьелъул гӀемерал рагӀаби рачӀана парс мацӀалде гьоркьохъел гӀасрабазда гӀараб кверщел бугем мехалъ.^{[14][17][21][22][23][24]} Парс мацӀ бюрократиялъе расмияблъун бищун букӀана гьеб рахьдалаблъун жидее кколеб букӀинчӀезги, мисалалъе, ГӀусманияб империялда турказ,^[25] яги Афгъанистаналда пуштуназ.

Дунялалда парс мацӀалда кӀалъалезул къадар бахуна 110 миллионалде, гьенир гъорлъе уна парисал, афгъанал, таджикал, гьазарал, Кавказалъул татал ва аймакъал. "Персофон" абураб термин хӀалтӀизабизе бегьула парс мацӀалда кӀалъалезе.^[26][27]

Классификация

Парс мацӀ ккола гьиндгин европаялъулал мацӀазул гьиндгин ираналъулаб гӀаркьелалъул ираналъулаб къоялъул бакътӀерхьул ираналъулал мацӀазул цояблъун. Жалго бакътӀерхьул ираналъулал мацӀал рикьула кӀиго гъоркькъокъаялде: жанубиябгин бакътӀерхьул ираналъулал мацӀал, жиндир бищун тӀибитӀараблъун парс мацӀ кколеб, ва шималиябгин бакътӀерхьул ираналъулал мацӀал, жиндир бищун тӀибитӀараблъун курд мацӀ бугеб^[28].

Фонология

Аслияб макъала: Парс мацӀалъул фонология

Ираналъулаб парс мацӀалда буго анлъго рагьарабги къоло лъабго рагьукъабги гьаракь.

Хъвай-хъвагӀи

Файл:Farsi scripts.PNG

Парс мацӀалъе хӀалтӀизарулел аслиял шрифтал: насх (1, 2), настагӀликъ (3)

Индиялда цӀунун хутӀараб парс мацӀалда хъвай-хъвагӀи

Аслияб макъала: Парс хъвай-хъвагӀи

Парс алипба
ﺍ	ب	پ	ﺕ	ﺙ	ﺝ	چ	ﺡ
ﺥ	ﺩ	ﺫ	ﺭ	ﺯ	ژ	ﺱ	ﺵ
ﺹ	ﺽ	ﻁ	ﻅ	ﻉ	ﻍ	ﻑ	ﻕ
ک	گ	ﻝ	ﻡ	ﻥ	هـ	ﻭ	ﻯ

Фарсиялда хъвазе Ираналда (Афгъанистаналда дариялъего гӀадин) хӀалтӀизабула гӀараб алипба, амма гӀараб мацӀалда гӀечӀел гьаркьазе 4 хӀарп жубараб: пе (پ), че (چ), же (ژ) ва гаф (گ). ТӀолго парс алипбаялда буго 32 гӀаламат^[29].

Рагьарал

The vowel phonemes of modern Tehran Persian

Тарихияб рахъалъ, парс мацӀалда рагьарал ратӀа гьарулаан халалъиялдалъун. Цебесеб цӀияб парс мацӀалда букӀана щуго халатаб рагьараб (/iː/, /uː/, /ɒː/, /oː/, /eː/) ва лъабго къокъаб рагьараб /æ/, /i/ ва /u/. XVӀ гӀасруялдехун гьанжесеб Ираналъул гӀаммаб икълимлъиялда, /eː/ ва/iː/ лъугьана /iː/ гьаракьлъун, /oː/ ва/uː/ лъугьана /uː/ гьаракьлъун. Гьединлъидал,басриял شیر shēr "гъалбацӀ" vs. شیر shīr "рахь", زود zūd "хехаб" vs زور zōr "къуватаб" гӀадал контрастал тӀагӀун руго. Амма гьеб асасалъул руго гьоркьосарахъиялги, ва цо-цо рагӀабазулъ ē ва ō гьаракь сверула /iː/ ва /uː/ гьаракьалде гурел, [eɪ] яги [oʊ] дифтонгазде (жал цебесеб цӀия парс мацалда рукӀарал [æɪ] ва [æʊ] дифтонгаздаса лъугьарал. Гьединал гьркьосарахъиязул мисал батизе бегьула روشن [roʊʃæn] (гвангъараб) гӀадал рагӀабазулъ.

Гьединго бл.

• Парс алипба
• Парс адабият

ХІужаби

1. Samadi, Habibeh; Nick Perkins (2012). Martin Ball; David Crystal; Paul Fletcher (редл.). Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars. Multilingual Matters. гь. 169. ISBN 978-1-84769-637-3.
2. "IRAQ". Encyclopædia Iranica. Щвей 7 November 2014. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
3. "Tajiks in Turkmenistan". People Groups.
4. Pilkington, Hilary; Yemelianova, Galina (2004). Islam in Post-Soviet Russia. Taylor & Francis. гь. 27. ISBN 978-0-203-21769-6. Among other indigenous peoples of Iranian origin were the Tats, the Talishes and the Kurds. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
5. Mastyugina, Tatiana; Perepelkin, Lev (1996). An Ethnic History of Russia: Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present. Greenwood Publishing Group. гь. 80. ISBN 978-0-313-29315-3. The Iranian Peoples (Ossetians, Tajiks, Tats, Mountain Judaists) {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
6. Windfuhr, Gernot: The Iranian Languages, Routledge 2009, p. 418.
7. "Persian | Department of Asian Studies" (in американский английский). Щвей 2 January 2019. There are numerous reasons to study Persian: for one thing, Persian is an important language of the Middle East and Central Asia, spoken by approximately 70 million native speakers and roughly 110 million people worldwide. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
8. Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Chapter II, Article 15: "The official language and script of Iran, the lingua franca of its people, is Persian. Official documents, correspondence, and texts, as well as text-books, must be in this language and script. However, the use of regional and tribal languages in the press and mass media, as well as for teaching of their literature in schools, is allowed in addition to Persian."
9. Olesen, Asta (1995). Islam and Politics in Afghanistan. Том 3. Psychology Press. гь. 205. There began a general promotion of the Pashto language at the expense of Farsi – previously dominant in the educational and administrative system (...) — and the term 'Dari' for the Afghan version of Farsi came into common use, being officially adopted in 1958.
10. Baker, Mona (2001). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Psychology Press. гь. 518. ISBN 978-0-415-25517-2. All this affected translation activities in Persian, seriously undermining the international character of the language. The problem was compounded in modern times by several factors, among them the realignment of Central Asian Persian, renamed Tajiki by the Soviet Union, with Uzbek and Russian languages, as well as the emergence of a language reform movement in Iran which paid no attention to the consequences of its pronouncements and actions for the language as a whole. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
11. Foltz, Richard (1996). "The Tajiks of Uzbekistan". Central Asian Survey. 15 (2): 213–216. doi:10.1080/02634939608400946.
12. Jonson, Lena (2006). Tajikistan in the new Central Asia. гь. 108.
13. Cordell, Karl (1998). Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe. Routledge. гь. 201. ISBN 0415173124. Consequently the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajiks within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academics and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30 per cent of the republic's twenty-two million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7 per cent (Foltz 1996:213; Carlisle 1995:88).
14. Lazard, Gilbert (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language". Гъоркь: Frye, R. N. (ред.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Том 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. гьл. 595–632. The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran.
15. Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Том 3 (2nd ред.). Walter de Gruyter. гь. 1912. The Pahlavi language (also known as Middle Persian) was the official language of Iran during the Sassanid dynasty (from 3rd to 7th century A. D.). Pahlavi is the direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country. However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian (Moshref 2001).
16. Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts". Encyclopædia Iranica. Том XIII. гьл. 344–377. (...) Persian, the language originally spoken in the province of Fārs, which is descended from Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid empire (6th–4th centuries B.C.E.), and Middle Persian, the language of the Sasanian empire (3rd–7th centuries C.E.).
17. Davis, Richard (2006). "Persian". Гъоркь: Meri, Josef W.; Bacharach, Jere L. (редл.). Medieval Islamic Civilization. Taylor & Francis. гьл. 602–603. Similarly, the core vocabulary of Persian continued to be derived from Pahlavi, but Arabic lexical items predominated for more abstract or abstruse subjects and often replaced their Persian equivalents in polite discourse. (...) The grammar of New Persian is similar to that of many contemporary European languages.
18. de Bruijn, J.T.P. (14 December 2015). "Persian literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
19. Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. "Iran vi. Iranian languages and scripts (2) Documentation". Encyclopædia Iranica. Том XIII. гьл. 348–366. Щвей 30 December 2012. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
20. Holes, Clive (2001). Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary. BRILL. гь. XXX. ISBN 90-04-10763-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
21. Lazard, Gilbert (1971). "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa". Гъоркь: Frye, R.N. (ред.). Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky. Edinburgh University Press.
22. Namazi, Nushin (24 November 2008). "Persian Loan Words in Arabic". Архивация оригинал (20 May 2011). Щвей 1 June 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date=, ва|archive-date= (help)
23. Classe, Olive (2000). Encyclopedia of literary translation into English. Taylor & Francis. гь. 1057. ISBN 1-884964-36-2. Since the Arab conquest of the country in 7th century AD, many loan words have entered the language (which from this time has been written with a slightly modified version of the Arabic script) and the literature has been heavily influenced by the conventions of Arabic literature.
24. Lambton, Ann K. S. (1953). Persian grammar. Cambridge University Press. The Arabic words incorporated into the Persian language have become Persianized.
25. Egger, Vernon O. (16 September 2016). A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community. ISBN 9781315511078. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
26. Perry, John R. (2005). A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar: Handbook of Oriental Studies. Том 2. Boston: Brill. гь. 284. ISBN 90-04-14323-8.
27. Green, Nile (2012). Making Space: Sufis and Settlers in Early Modern India. Oxford University Press. гьл. 12–13. ISBN 9780199088751.
28. Windfuhr, Gernot (1987). Comrie, Berard (ред.). The World's Major Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. гьл. 523–546. ISBN 978-0-19-506511-4.
29. "L. P. Elwell-Sutton. ARABIC LANGUAGE iii. Arabic influences in Persian literature". Архивация оригинал (2011-05-10). Щвей 2011-08-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

ГІаммал иццал

• Kuhrt, A. (2013). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-01694-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Frye, Richard Nelson (1984). Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft: Alter Orient-Griechische Geschichte-Römische Geschichte. Band III,7: The History of Ancient Iran. C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-09397-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Schmitt, Rüdiger (2000). The Old Persian Inscriptions of Naqsh-i Rustam and Persepolis. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum by School of Oriental and African Studies. ISBN 978-0-7286-0314-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• B. A. Litvinsky, Ahmad Hasan Dani (1996). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. UNESCO. гьл. 1–569. ISBN 9789231032110. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

ЦІалиялъе

• Asatrian, Garnik (2010). Etymological Dictionary of Persian. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 12. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-18341-4. Архивация оригинал (27 December 2010). Щвей 23 May 2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |access-date= ва|archive-date= (help)
• Bleeck, Arthur Henry (1857). A concise grammar of the Persian language. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Bleeck, Arthur Henry (1857). A concise grammar of the Persian language: containing dialogues, reading lessons, and a vocabulary: together with a new plan for facilitating the study of languages. B. Quaritch. гь. 206. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Bleeck, Arthur Henry (1857). A concise grammar of the Persian language (Oxford University ред.). Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Dahlén, Ashk (April 2014) [1st edition October 2010]. Modern persisk grammatik (2nd ред.). Ferdosi International Publication. ISBN 9789197988674. Архивация оригинал (11 October 2017). Щвей 18 February 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |access-date=, |date=, ва|archive-date= (help)
• Delshad, Farshid (September 2007). Anthologia Persica. Logos Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8325-1620-8. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
• Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji (1880). The student's Persian and English dictionary, pronouncing, etymological, & explanatory. Irish Presbyterian Mission Press. гь. 558. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji; Saʻdī (1880). Second book of Persian, to which are added the Pandnámah of Shaikh Saádi and the Gulistán, chapter 1, together with vocabulary and short notes (2 ред.). Irish Presbyterian Mission Press. гь. 120. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji (1879). The Persian primer, being an elementary treatise on grammar, with exercises. Irish Presbyterian Mission Press. гь. 94. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji (1875). A new grammar of the Persian tongue for the use of schools and colleges. Irish Presbyterian Mission Press. гь. 84. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Forbes, Duncan (1844). A grammar of the Persian language: To which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a copious vocabulary (2 ред.). Printed for the author, sold by Allen & co. гь. 158. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Forbes, Duncan (1844). A grammar of the Persian language: To which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a copious vocabulary (2 ред.). Printed for the author, sold by Allen & co. гь. 114. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Forbes, Duncan (1876). A grammar of the Persian language: to which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a vocabulary, and translations. W.H. Allen. гь. 238. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Forbes, Duncan (1869). A grammar of the Persian language: to which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a vocabulary, and translations (4 ред.). W.H. Allen & co. гь. 238. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Ibrâhîm, Muḥammad (1841). A grammar of the Persian language. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Jones, Sir William (1783). A grammar of the Persian language (3 ред.). Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Jones, Sir William (1797). A grammar of the Persian language (4 ред.). Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Jones, Sir William (1801). A grammar of the Persian language (5 ред.). Murray and Highley, J. Sewell. гь. 194. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Jones, Sir William (1823). Samuel Lee (ред.). A grammar of the Persian language (8 ред.). Printed by W. Nicol, for Parbury, Allen, and co. гь. 230. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Jones, Sir William (1828). Samuel Lee (ред.). A grammar of the Persian language (9 ред.). Printed by W. Nicol, for Parbury, Allen, and Co. гь. 283. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Lazard, Gilbert (January 2006). Grammaire du persan contemporain. Institut Français de Recherche en Iran. ISBN 978-2909961378. Архивация оригинал (2012-05-03). Щвей 2020-11-20. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Invalid |url-status=хвараб (help)
• Lumsden, Matthew (1810). A grammar of the Persian language; comprising a portion of the elements of Arabic inflexion etc. Watley. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Mace, John (18 October 2002). Persian Grammar: For Reference and Revision (illustrated ред.). RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-7007-1695-5. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
• Moises, Edward (1792). The Persian interpreter: in three parts: A grammar of the Persian language. Persian extracts, in prose and verse. A vocabulary: Persian and English. Printed by L. Hodgson. гь. 143. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Palmer, Edward Henry (1883). Guy Le Strange (ред.). A concise dictionary, English-Persian; together with a simplified grammar of the Persian language. Completed and ed. by G. Le Strange. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Palmer, Edward Henry (1883). Guy Le Strange (ред.). A concise dictionary, English-Persian: together with a simplified grammar of the Persian language. Trübner. гь. 42. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Platts, John Thompson (1894). A grammar of the Persian language ... Williams and Norgate. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Ranking, George Speirs Alexander (1907). A primer of Persian: containing selections for reading and composition with the elements of syntax. The Claredon Press. гь. 72. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Richardson, John (1810). Sir Charles Wilkins; David Hopkins (редл.). A vocabulary, Persian, Arabic, and English: abridged from the quarto edition of Richardson's dictionary. Printed for F. and C. Rivingson. гь. 643. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Rosen, Friedrich; Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh (Shah of Iran) (1898). Modern Persian colloquial grammar: containing a short grammar, dialogues and extracts from Nasir-Eddin shah's diaries, tales, etc., and a vocabulary. Luzac & C.̊. гь. 400. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Schmitt, Rüdiger (1989). Compendium linguarum Iranicarum. L. Reichert. ISBN 3-88226-413-6.
• Sen, Ramdhun (1841). Madhub Chunder Sen (ред.). A dictionary in Persian and English, with pronunciation (ed. by M.C. Sen) (2 ред.). Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Sen, Ramdhun (1829). A dictionary in Persian and English. Printed for the author at the Baptist Mission Press. гь. 226. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Sen, Ramdhun (1833). A dictionary in English and Persian. Printed at the Baptist Mission Press. гь. 276. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Sen, Ramdhun (1833). A dictionary in English and Persian. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Том 13.
• Thackston, W. M. (1 May 1993). An Introduction to Persian (3rd Rev ред.). Ibex Publishers. ISBN 0-936347-29-5. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
• Tucker, William Thornhill (1801). A pocket dictionary of English and Persian. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Tucker, William Thornhill (1850). A pocket dictionary of English and Persian. J. Madden. гь. 145. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Tucker, William Thornhill (1850). A pocket dictionary of English and Persian. J. Madden. гь. 145. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Windfuhr, Gernot L. (15 January 2009). "Persian". Гъоркь: Bernard Comrie (ред.). The World's Major Languages (2 ред.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35339-7. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
• Wollaston, (Sir) Arthur Naylor (1882). An English-Persian dictionary. W. H. Allen. Щвей 6 July 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

КъватІисел мугъчІваял

Ингилис мацӀалда

• Academy of Persian Language and Literature official website
• Assembly for the Expansion of the Persian Language official website
• Persian language Resources
• Persian Language Resources, parstimes.com
• Persian language tutorial books for beginners
• Haim, Soleiman. New Persian-English dictionary. Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Beroukhim, 1934—1936. uchicago.edu
• Steingass, Francis Joseph. A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary. London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1892. uchicago.edu
• UCLA Language Materials Project: Persian, ucla.edu
• How Persian Alphabet Transits into Graffiti, Persian Graffiti
• Basic Persian language course (book + audio files) USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI)