নৱযান

নৱযান হ'ল ভীমৰাও ৰামজী আম্বেদকাৰৰ দ্বাৰা বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা।^{[টোকা 1]} ইয়াক নব্য-বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম,^[1]^[2] আম্বেদকাৰীয় বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম আৰু ভীমযান নামেৰেও জনা যায়।^[3] আম্বেদকাৰৰ জন্ম এগৰাকী দলিত হিচাপে হৈছিল ঔপনিৱেশিক ভাৰতত।

আম্বেদকাৰে বিদেশত শিক্ষালাভ কৰিছিল আৰু পাছলৈ এগৰাকী মহাৰ দলিত নেতা হৈছিল। ১৯৩৫ চনত তেওঁ হিন্দু ধৰ্ম ত্যাগি বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ ইচ্ছা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।^[4] তৎপশ্চাত তেওঁ বৌদ্ধ লেখ পঢ়িবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল আৰু এই নিষ্কৰ্ষত উপনিত হৈছিল যে ধৰ্মটোৰ কেইবাটাও মূল বিশ্বাস আৰু যুক্তি, যেনে চাৰি আৰ্য সত্য আৰু "অনত্তা" ভুল আৰু নিৰাশাবাদী। তেওঁ এই ধাৰণাসমূহৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা আগবঢ়ালে, যাৰ নাম হ'ল নৱযান।^[5] ১৯৫৬ চনৰ ১৩ অক্টোবৰত তেওঁ হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ লগতে থেৰবাদ আৰু মহাযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মক প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰি এক সংবাদ মেল আয়োজন কৰিলে।^[6] মৃত্যুৰ প্ৰায় ৬ সপ্তাহ পূৰ্বে, তেওঁ হিন্দু ধৰ্ম ত্যাগ কৰি নৱযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে।^[7]^[8]^[9]

দলিত বৌদ্ধ আন্দোলনত নৱযানক বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ এক নতুন ভাগ গণ্য কৰা হয়, যি বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ মৌলিক পৰম্পৰা^[10]^{[টোকা 2]} থেৰবাদ, মহাযান আৰু বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মতকৈ পৃথক।^[12] নৱযানত বৌদ্ধ দৰ্শনৰ এক অতিকৈ নতুন ব্যাখ্যা দাঙি ধৰা হয়, য'ত বুদ্ধৰ বাণীক শ্ৰেণী সংগ্ৰাম আৰু সামাজিক সমতাৰ বিষয়ে বুলি মনা হয়।^[13]^[14]^[15]

আম্বেদকাৰৰ নৱযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ধাৰ্মিক গ্ৰন্থ হ'ল তেওঁ লিখা দ্য বুদ্ধ এণ্ড হিজ ধম্ম। নৱযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ বিশ্বাসীক সাধাৰণতে কেৱল "বৌদ্ধ", "আম্বেদকাৰীয় বৌদ্ধ", "নব্য-বৌদ্ধ", আৰু খুব কমহে "নৱযান বৌদ্ধ" বোলা হয়।^[16]

নৱযান শব্দৰ এক আম্বেদকাৰৰ সৈতে সম্বন্ধ নথকা ব্যৱহাৰো আছে। ভাৰতৰ বাহিৰত ই বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ পাশ্চাত্য ৰূপকো বুজাব পাৰে। পিচে এই ব্যৱহাৰ খুব কমহে দেখা যায়।^[17]

[ট 1]
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is also called Babasaheb Ambedkar.
[ট 2]
... the Buddhism upon which [Ambedkar] settled and about which he wrote in The Buddha and his Dhamma was, in many respects, unlike any form of Buddhism that had hitherto arisen within the tradition. Gone, for instance, were the doctrines of karma and rebirth, the traditional emphasis on renunciation of the world, the practice of meditation, and the experience of enlightenment. Gone too were any teachings that implied the existence of a trans-empirical realm ... . Most jarring, perhaps – especially among more traditional Buddhists – was the absence of the Four Noble Truths, which Ambedkar regarded as the invention of wrong-headed monks.^[11]

[1]
Tartakov, Gary (2003). Robinson, Rowena. ed. Religious Conversion in India: Modes, motivations, and meanings. Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 192–213. ISBN 978-0-19-566329-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=eNsoAAAAYAAJ.
[2]
Queen, Christopher (2015). Emmanuel, Steven M.. ed. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. পৃষ্ঠা. 524–525. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ.
[3]
Zelliot, Eleanor (2015). Jacobsen, Knut A.. ed. Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India. Taylor & Francis. পৃষ্ঠা. 13, 361–370. ISBN 978-1-317-40357-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=tPBWCgAAQBAJ.
[4]
Dirks, Nicholas B. (2011). Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the making of modern India. Princeton University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 267–274. ISBN 978-1-4008-4094-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=UP7vmkFSJhIC&pg=PA268.
[5]
Zelliot, Eleanor (2015). Jacobsen, Knut A.. ed. Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India. Taylor & Francis. পৃষ্ঠা. 13, 361–370. ISBN 978-1-317-40357-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=tPBWCgAAQBAJ.
[6]
Queen, Christopher (2015). Emmanuel, Steven M.. ed. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. পৃষ্ঠা. 524–529. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ.
[7]
Tartakov, Gary (2003). Robinson, Rowena. ed. Religious Conversion in India: Modes, motivations, and meanings. Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 192–213. ISBN 978-0-19-566329-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=eNsoAAAAYAAJ.
[8]
Zelliot, Eleanor (2015). Jacobsen, Knut A.. ed. Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India. Taylor & Francis. পৃষ্ঠা. 13, 361–370. ISBN 978-1-317-40357-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=tPBWCgAAQBAJ.
[9]
Queen, Christopher (2015). Emmanuel, Steven M.. ed. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. পৃষ্ঠা. 524–529. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ.
[10]
Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2013). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 25. ISBN 978-1-136-98588-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ.
[11]
[12]
Omvedt, Gail (2003). Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and caste (3rd সম্পাদনা). প্ৰকাশক London, UK; New Delhi, IN; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. পৃষ্ঠা. 2, 3–7, 8, 14–15, 19, 240, 266, 271.
[13]
Zelliot, Eleanor (2015). Jacobsen, Knut A.. ed. Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India. Taylor & Francis. পৃষ্ঠা. 13, 361–370. ISBN 978-1-317-40357-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=tPBWCgAAQBAJ.
[14]
Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2013). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 24–26. ISBN 978-1-136-98588-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ.
[15]
Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2013). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 24–26. ISBN 978-1-136-98588-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ.
[16]
Queen, Christopher (2015). Emmanuel, Steven M.. ed. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. পৃষ্ঠা. 524–531. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ.
[17]
Wiering, Jelle (2016-07-02). "“Others Think I am Airy-fairy”: Practicing Navayana Buddhism in a Dutch Secular Climate". Contemporary Buddhism খণ্ড 17 (2): 369–389. doi:10.1080/14639947.2016.1234751. ISSN 1463-9947. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2016.1234751.

[1] [ট 1]
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is also called Babasaheb Ambedkar.

[13] [ট 2]
... the Buddhism upon which [Ambedkar] settled and about which he wrote in The Buddha and his Dhamma was, in many respects, unlike any form of Buddhism that had hitherto arisen within the tradition. Gone, for instance, were the doctrines of karma and rebirth, the traditional emphasis on renunciation of the world, the practice of meditation, and the experience of enlightenment. Gone too were any teachings that implied the existence of a trans-empirical realm ... . Most jarring, perhaps – especially among more traditional Buddhists – was the absence of the Four Noble Truths, which Ambedkar regarded as the invention of wrong-headed monks.^[11]

[Robinson2003p1922-2] [1]
Tartakov, Gary (2003). Robinson, Rowena. ed. Religious Conversion in India: Modes, motivations, and meanings. Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 192–213. ISBN 978-0-19-566329-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=eNsoAAAAYAAJ.

[3] [2]
Queen, Christopher (2015). Emmanuel, Steven M.. ed. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. পৃষ্ঠা. 524–525. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ.

[Jacobsen2015p3612-4] [3]
Zelliot, Eleanor (2015). Jacobsen, Knut A.. ed. Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India. Taylor & Francis. পৃষ্ঠা. 13, 361–370. ISBN 978-1-317-40357-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=tPBWCgAAQBAJ.

[Dirks2011p2672-5] [4]
Dirks, Nicholas B. (2011). Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the making of modern India. Princeton University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 267–274. ISBN 978-1-4008-4094-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=UP7vmkFSJhIC&pg=PA268.

[Jacobsen2015p3613-6] [5]
Zelliot, Eleanor (2015). Jacobsen, Knut A.. ed. Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India. Taylor & Francis. পৃষ্ঠা. 13, 361–370. ISBN 978-1-317-40357-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=tPBWCgAAQBAJ.

[queen5242-7] [6]
Queen, Christopher (2015). Emmanuel, Steven M.. ed. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. পৃষ্ঠা. 524–529. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ.

[Robinson2003p1923-8] [7]
Tartakov, Gary (2003). Robinson, Rowena. ed. Religious Conversion in India: Modes, motivations, and meanings. Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 192–213. ISBN 978-0-19-566329-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=eNsoAAAAYAAJ.

[Jacobsen2015p3614-9] [8]
Zelliot, Eleanor (2015). Jacobsen, Knut A.. ed. Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India. Taylor & Francis. পৃষ্ঠা. 13, 361–370. ISBN 978-1-317-40357-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=tPBWCgAAQBAJ.

[queen5243-10] [9]
Queen, Christopher (2015). Emmanuel, Steven M.. ed. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. পৃষ্ঠা. 524–529. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ.

[Keown-Prebish-20132-11] [10]
Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2013). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 25. ISBN 978-1-136-98588-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ.

[Keown-Prebish-2013-12] [11]

[14] [12]
Omvedt, Gail (2003). Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and caste (3rd সম্পাদনা). প্ৰকাশক London, UK; New Delhi, IN; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. পৃষ্ঠা. 2, 3–7, 8, 14–15, 19, 240, 266, 271.

[Jacobsen2015p3615-15] [13]
Zelliot, Eleanor (2015). Jacobsen, Knut A.. ed. Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India. Taylor & Francis. পৃষ্ঠা. 13, 361–370. ISBN 978-1-317-40357-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=tPBWCgAAQBAJ.

[KeownPrebish2013p242-16] [14]
Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2013). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 24–26. ISBN 978-1-136-98588-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ.

[KeownPrebish2013p243-17] [15]
Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2013). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 24–26. ISBN 978-1-136-98588-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ.

[18] [16]
Queen, Christopher (2015). Emmanuel, Steven M.. ed. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. পৃষ্ঠা. 524–531. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ.

[19] [17]
Wiering, Jelle (2016-07-02). "“Others Think I am Airy-fairy”: Practicing Navayana Buddhism in a Dutch Secular Climate". Contemporary Buddhism খণ্ড 17 (2): 369–389. doi:10.1080/14639947.2016.1234751. ISSN 1463-9947. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2016.1234751.

[টোকা 1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[টোকা 2]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[11]

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