User:Mr. Ibrahem/Aspirin
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Pronunciation | acetylsalicylic acid /əˌsiːtəlˌsælɪˈsɪlɪk/ |
Trade names | Bayer Aspirin, many others |
Other names | 2-acetoxybenzoic acid acetylsalicylate acetylsalicylic acid O-acetylsalicylic acid, Aspirin (BAN UK), Aspirin (USAN US) |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682878 |
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Routes of administration | By mouth, rectal, lysine acetylsalicylate may be given intravenously or intramuscularly |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 80–100%[2] |
Protein binding | 80–90%[3] |
Metabolism | Liver, (CYP2C19 and possibly CYP3A), some is also hydrolysed to salicylate in the gut wall.[3] |
Elimination half-life | Dose-dependent; 2 h to 3 h for low doses (100 mg or less), 15 h to 30 h for large doses.[3] |
Excretion | Urine (80–100%), sweat, saliva, feces[2] |
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Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C9H8O4 |
Molar mass | 180.159 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
Density | 1.40 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 136 °C (277 °F) [4] |
Boiling point | 140 °C (284 °F) (decomposes) |
Solubility in water | 3g/L |
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Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to reduce pain, fever, or inflammation.[5] Specific inflammatory conditions which aspirin is used to treat include Kawasaki disease, pericarditis, and rheumatic fever.[5] Aspirin given shortly after a heart attack decreases the risk of death.[5] Aspirin is also used long-term to help prevent further heart attacks, ischaemic strokes, and blood clots in people at high risk.[5] It may also decrease the risk of certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer.[6] For pain or fever, effects typically begin within 30 minutes.[5] Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and works similarly to other NSAIDs but also suppresses the normal functioning of platelets.[5]
One common side effect is an upset stomach.[5] More significant side effects include stomach ulcers, stomach bleeding, and worsening asthma.[5] Bleeding risk is greater among those who are older, drink alcohol, take other NSAIDs, or are on other blood thinners.[5] Aspirin is not recommended in the last part of pregnancy.[5] It is not generally recommended in children with infections because of the risk of Reye syndrome.[5] High doses may result in ringing in the ears.[5]
A precursor to aspirin found in leaves from the willow tree has been used for its health effects for at least 2,400 years.[7][8] In 1853, chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt treated the medicine sodium salicylate with acetyl chloride to produce acetylsalicylic acid for the first time.[9] For the next fifty years, other chemists established the chemical structure and came up with more efficient production methods.[9]: 69–75 In 1897, scientists at the Bayer company began studying acetylsalicylic acid as a less-irritating replacement medication for common salicylate medicines.[9]: 69–75 [10] By 1899, Bayer had named it "Aspirin" and sold it around the world.[11] Aspirin's popularity grew over the first half of the twentieth century leading to competition between many brands and formulations.[12] The word Aspirin was Bayer's brand name; however, their rights to the trademark were lost or sold in many countries.[12]
Aspirin is one of the most widely used medications globally, with an estimated 40,000 tonnes (44,000 tons) (50 to 120 billion pills) consumed each year.[7][13] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[14] As of 2014[update], the wholesale cost in the developing world is US$0.002 to US$0.025 per dose.[15] As of 2015[update], the cost for a typical month of medication in the United States is less than US$25.00.[16] It is available as a generic medication.[5] In 2017, it was the 42nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 17 million prescriptions.[17][18]