Thành viên:Nam thừa kế/Chuyển dịch kinh tê-xã hội tại Hoa Kỳ
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chuyển dịch kinh tế-xã hội tại Hoa Kỳ refers to the upward or downward movement of người Mỹ từ một tầng lớp xã hội hoặc một cấp bậc kinh tế to another,[2] through job changes, inheritance, marriage, connections, tax changes, innovation, illegal activities, hard work, lobbying, luck, health changes or other factors.
—The Economist, 2020[1]
Sự dịch chuyển này có thể là sự thay đổi về mặt địa vị kinh tế - xã hội giữa thế hệ cha mẹ và con cái ("inter-generational"); or over the course of a person's lifetime ("intra-generational"). Socioeconomic mobility typically refers to "relative mobility", the chance that an individual American's income or social status will rise or fall in comparison to other Americans, but can also refer to "absolute" mobility, based on changes in living standards in America.[3]
Several studies have found that inter-generational mobility is lower in the US than in some European countries, in particular the Nordic countries.[4][5] The US ranked 27th in the world in the 2020 Global Social Mobility Index.[6]
Social mobility in the US has either remained unchanged or decreased since the 1970s.[7][8][9][10][11] A 2008 study showed that economic mobility in the U.S. increased from 1950 to 1980, but has declined sharply since 1980.[12] A 2012 study conducted by the Pew Charitable Trusts found that the bottom quintile is 57% likely to experience upward mobility and only 7% to experience downward mobility.[13] A 2013 Brookings Institution study found income inequality was increasing and becoming more permanent, sharply reducing social mobility.[14] A large academic study released in 2014 found US mobility overall has not changed appreciably in the last 25 years (for children born between 1971 and 1996), but a variety of up and down mobility changes were found in several different parts of the country. On average, American children entering the labor market today have the same chances of moving up in the income distribution (relative to their parents) as children born in the 1970s.[15][16]