User:Mr. Ibrahem/Lung cancer
Medical condition / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a cancerous lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung.[1] This growth can spread beyond the lung by the process of metastasis into nearby tissue or other parts of the body.[8] Most cancers that start in the lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas.[9] The two main types are small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).[4] The most common symptoms are coughing (including coughing up blood), weight loss, shortness of breath, and chest pains.[2]
Lung cancer | |
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Other names | Lung carcinoma |
A chest X-ray showing a tumor in the lung (marked by arrow) | |
Specialty | Oncology[1] |
Symptoms | Coughing (including coughing up blood), weight loss, shortness of breath, chest pains[2] |
Usual onset | ~70 years[3] |
Types |
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Risk factors | |
Diagnostic method | Medical imaging, tissue biopsy[5] |
Treatment | Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy[5] |
Prognosis | Five-year survival rate: 10 to 20% (most countries), 33% (Japan), 27% (Israel), 25% (Republic of Korea)[6] |
Frequency | 2.2 million new cases in 2020[7] |
Deaths | 1.8 million (2020)[6] |
The vast majority (>80%) of cases of lung cancer are due to long-term tobacco smoking.[6] Globally, lung cancer in people who have never smoked is increasing.[10] These cases are often caused by a combination of genetic factors and exposure to radon gas, asbestos, second-hand smoke, or other forms of air pollution.[5][11] Lung cancer may be seen on chest radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans.[5] The diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy which is usually performed by bronchoscopy or CT-guidance.[12][13]
Avoidance of risk factors, including smoking and air pollution, is the primary method of prevention.[14] Treatment and long-term outcomes depend on the type of cancer, the stage (degree of spread), and the person's overall health.[15] Most cases are not curable.[4] Common treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.[5] NSCLC is sometimes treated with surgery, whereas SCLC usually responds better to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.[16]
Worldwide in 2020, lung cancer occurred in 2.2 million people and resulted in 1.8 million deaths.[6][7] This makes it the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and second most common in women after breast cancer.[6] Despite the general decline in rates, the rate in people who have never smoked varies between nations, but has generally been increasing, with 15–20% of men being non-smokers and over 50% of women being non-smokers.[10] The most common age at diagnosis is 70 years.[3] In most countries the five-year survival rate is around 10 to 20%,[6] while in Japan it is 33%, in Israel 27%, and in the Republic of Korea 25%.[6] Outcomes on average are worse in the developing world.[17] The first review article about lung cancers, published in 1912 by Isaac Adler, suggested it was underdiagnosed.[18]