User:Mr. Ibrahem/Cocaine intoxication
Medical condition / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cocaine intoxication refers to the negative and potentially life threatening effects of cocaine.[3] Symptoms that occur shortly after use often include fast heart rate, high blood pressure, and agitation.[1] Other effects may include high body temperature and sweating.[1] Complications may include acute coronary syndrome, seizures, stroke, pneumothorax, and excited delirium.[1][2]
Cocaine intoxication | |
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Other names | Cocaine toxicity, cocaine poisoning |
Cocaine | |
Specialty | Toxicology |
Symptoms | Fast heart rate, high blood pressure, agitation, high body temperature, sweating[1] |
Complications | Acute coronary syndrome, seizures, stroke, pneumothorax, rhabdomyolysis, excited delirium[1][2] |
Usual onset | Within 5 sec to 5 min[1] |
Causes | Cocaine[3] |
Diagnostic method | Urine drug test[1] |
Differential diagnosis | Low blood sugar, anticholinergic toxicity, delirium tremens, schizophrenia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome[2] |
Medication | Lorazepam, labetalol, sodium bicarbonate[1] |
Frequency | 19 million people (2018)[4] |
Deaths | 15,900 (2019, USA)[5] |
Cocaine may be smoked, injected, or snorted.[1] Onset of effects is within 5 seconds when smoked, a minute when injected, and within 5 minutes when snorted.[1] Effects last for 5 to 90 minutes.[1] Toxicity may also occur due to body packing or body stuffing.[1] Diagnosis can be supported by urine testing which remains positive for one or two days after a single us and potentially weeks with long term use.[1] False positives are uncommon.[1]
The initial treatment is typically with a benzodiazepine such as lorazepam or midazolam by injection.[1] If high blood pressure persists, it may be managed with nicardipine or labetalol.[1] High temperature may require additional cooling techniques.[1] Aspirin and nitroglycerin may be used in those with chest pain.[1] Those with a wide QRS complex may be treated with sodium bicarbonate.[1]
About 19 million people used cocaine globally in 2018, most commonly in North America and Western Europe.[4] In the United States about half a million episodes of cocaine use required emergency department care in 2011 and such use was involved in 15,900 deaths in 2019.[2][5] Cocaine intoxication can result in death.[2] Cocaine is frequently mixed with levamisole which may result in low white blood cells and vasculitis.[2]