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The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Rōmānum, Latin pronunciation: [ɪmˈpɛ.ri.ũː roːˈmaː.nũː]; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr. Basileia tōn Rhōmaiōn; Italian: Impero romano) was the period of the ancient Roman civilization which began in 27 BC with the naming of Julius Caesar's nephew and adopted son, Augustus as the first emperor, ending the Roman Republic era. The empire controlled large areas around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, North Africa, and West Asia. The city of Rome served as its capital until it was shifted to Constantinople by Constantine the Great in the 4th century AD. Large invasions by Germanic peoples and the Huns of Attila led to the decline of the Western Roman Empire, and, with the overthrow of Romulus Augustulus in 476 AD by Odoacer, the Western Roman Empire finally collapsed.
Roman Empire
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27 BC – 395 AD 395 – 476/480 (Western) 395 – 1453 (Eastern) | |||||||||||
Capital |
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Common languages |
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Religion |
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Government | Mixed, functionally absolute monarchy | ||||||||||
Emperor | |||||||||||
• 27 BC – AD 14 | Augustus (first) | ||||||||||
• 98–117 | Trajan | ||||||||||
• 284–305 | Diocletian | ||||||||||
• 306–337 | Constantine I | ||||||||||
• 379–395 | Theodosius I[n 3] | ||||||||||
• 474–480 | Julius Nepos[n 4] | ||||||||||
• 527–565 | Justinian I | ||||||||||
• 976–1025 | Basil II | ||||||||||
• 1449–1453 | Constantine XI[n 5] | ||||||||||
Legislature | Senate | ||||||||||
Historical era | Classical era to Late Middle Ages | ||||||||||
32–30 BC | |||||||||||
30–2 BC | |||||||||||
11 May 330 | |||||||||||
17 Jan 395 | |||||||||||
4 Sep 476 | |||||||||||
12 Apr 1204 | |||||||||||
• Reconquest of Constantinople | 25 Jul 1261 | ||||||||||
29 May 1453 | |||||||||||
• Fall of Trebizond | 15 August 1461 | ||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||
25 BC[3][4] | 2,750,000 km2 (1,060,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||
AD 117[3][5] | 5,000,000 km2 (1,900,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||
AD 390[3] | 4,400,000 km2 (1,700,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||
56,800,000 | |||||||||||
Currency | Sestertius,[n 6] Aureus, Solidus, Nomisma | ||||||||||
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The empire's first two centuries were a period of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana ("Roman Peace"). However, civil wars and other struggles in the 3rd century caused widespread chaos, which lasted until the emperors Aurelian and Diocletian restored order and stability. Christians rose to power in the 4th century, during which time a system of dual rule was developed in the Greek East and Latin West. The Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, continued until 1453 with the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire.
The institutions and culture of Rome have had a profound and lasting influence on the peoples of its former territory, particularly, those of Europe. The Latin alphabet is now the world's most widely used writing system. Latin is the mother tongue of the Romance languages. The spread of Christianity is attributable to its adoption as the official state religion. Roman philosophy and law are the foundation of modern legal doctrine. Roman art had a profound impact on the Italian Renaissance, and Roman architecture served as the basis for Neoclassical architecture. Rome's government would go on to influence the political development of later nations, such as the United States.
- Other ways of referring to the "Roman Empire" among the Romans and Greeks themselves included Res publica Romana or Imperium Romanorum (also in Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων – Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn – ["Dominion (Literally 'kingdom' but also interpreted as 'empire') of the Romans"]) and Romania. Res publica means Roman "commonwealth" and can refer to both the Republican and the Imperial eras. Imperium Romanum (or "Romanorum") refers to the territorial extent of Roman authority. Populus Romanus ("the Roman people") was/is often used to indicate the Roman state in matters involving other nations. The term Romania, initially a colloquial term for the empire's territory as well as a collective name for its inhabitants, appears in Greek and Latin sources from the 4th century onward and was eventually carried over to the Eastern Roman Empire (see R. L. Wolff, "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople" in Speculum 23 (1948), pp. 1–34 and especially pp. 2–3).
- Between 1204 and 1261 there was an interregnum when the Empire was divided into the Empire of Nicaea, the Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus, which were all contenders for rule of the Empire. The Empire of Nicaea is considered the legitimate continuation of the Roman Empire because it managed to re-take Constantinople.
- The final emperor to rule over all of the Roman Empire's territories before its conversion to a diarchy.
- Officially the final emperor of the Western empire.
- Last emperor of the Eastern (Byzantine) empire.
- Abbreviated "HS". Prices and values are usually expressed in sesterces; see #Currency and banking for currency denominations by period.
- Bennett, Julian (1997). Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16524-2.. Fig. 1. Regions east of the Euphrates river were held only in the years 116–117.
- Bennett, Julian (1997). Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16524-2.. Fig. 1. Regions east of the Euphrates river were held only in the years 116–117.
- Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". Social Science History. 3 (3/4). Duke University Press: 125. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
- Durand, John D. (1977). "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation". Population and Development Review. 3 (3): 253. doi:10.2307/1971891. JSTOR 1971891.
- Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of world-systems research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
- Durand, John D. (1977). "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation". Population and Development Review. 3 (3): 253. doi:10.2307/1971891. JSTOR 1971891.